Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
samira chenari; Hadi Azami; Mohsen Janparvar; Eisa EbrahimZadeh
Abstract
IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work ...
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IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work to resolve water-related tensions and facilitate cooperation between countries with shared water resources. But this new and emerging concept does not have enough theoretical and scientific support to present a process. For this reason, in this article, by expanding the concept of water diplomacy, an attempt was made to present step-by-step the paths of water diplomacy for different fields and water diplomacy measures related to performance in the form of a water diplomacy road map. For this purpose, first the existing approaches in water diplomacy were discussed with a descriptive-analytical method and by finding the focal components in water diplomacy including actors, interests, power and goals, a water diplomacy roadmap based on the advantages of the approaches was presented. This water diplomacy roadmap by designing strategic solutions and frameworks in water diplomacy presents a process of transferring the existing conditions to the desired one, which helps to regulate relations between countries and various institutions and through it to create effective cooperation, agreements and dialogues between countries. and sustainability in the field of water will lead.
Ali Kakimi khorram; sayed hadi zarghani; hadi azami
Abstract
The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, ...
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The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, with emerging developments, the process of Iran's role in the region has acquired complex dimensions. Therefore, it is inevitable to plan regional security strategies in accordance with its developments and modernization. In this regard, the present research, using a combination of SWOT, QSPM and David's strategic methods, has compiled Iran's regional security strategies in the Persian Gulf, in the three dimensions of military, geopolitical and geo-economic security. The findings showed that the strategy of "maintaining and strengthening Iran's geopolitical arms in the region and expanding its scope" has been identified as the main and fundamental strategy of Iran's regional security in the Persian Gulf with a score of 8.66. Also, the following strategies have been formulated by separating the three components: in the field of Iran's military security in the Persian Gulf, holding joint military and security exercises between Iran and the countries of the Persian Gulf region; In the field of Iran's geopolitical security strategies in the Persian Gulf, developing strategies for easy border crossing between countries around the Persian Gulf; And in the field of "geo-economic security strategies, the formation of joint free trade and technology zones between Iran and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf" were identified as strategic options.
hamid dorj
Abstract
The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are ...
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The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are moving towards achieving common goals. But Trump's rise to power in the United States has plunged relations between Brussels and Washington into cold and gloom. Trump's withdrawal from some agreements and international organizations such as the Paris and Borjam climate agreements and Trump's invasion of NATO and his support for Britain's secession from the European Union, etc. are among the cases. Which has influenced the interests and policies of Europe and the United States in regional and international affairs and has added to the differences between the two sides. Meanwhile, the present study seeks to answer the main question of what is the relationship between the United States and Europe during the Trump era? The hypothesis is that with Trump in power in the White House, the relations between Washington and Brussels, which in the past were united and coordinated in regional and international politics; It turned cold and dark in different dimensions. Adopting Trump's unilateral policies and withdrawing from some regional and international agreements and organizations related to US interests, while reducing Europeans' confidence in Washington's promises and policies, the goals and interests of these two influential transatlantic poles in In the past, they moved on a single front; Will face a challenge. Descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the data.
kioumars maleki; mohammadreza pourmohammadi
Abstract
The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which ...
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The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which can help to complete the chain of urban defense effectively and significantly. Most of the existing researches related to the reduction of damages caused by earthquakes have focused on building construction methods to increase the resistance of the building against earthquakes. In this research, with an emphasis on passive defense and identification of components and indicators of vulnerability and risk zoning in 4 natural, physical, social and economic components with 48 indicators, in the form of a questionnaire, the vulnerable areas caused by earthquakes were comprehensively identified in line with Determined to reduce risk. In this article, the necessary investigations and analyzes are carried out by applying the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning and passive defense, etc., through the distribution of 30 questionnaires and the help of GIS software in processing and preparing the output of ARAS and TOPSIS models at the level of the metropolitan areas of the city. Tabriz has been used and finally, according to the results of Aras and TOPSIS models, district 10 of the municipality of the crisis zone and district 2 of the municipality have the lowest level of vulnerability to earthquakes. In the following, the factors of this increase in vulnerability and solutions to overcome the crisis at the level The ten municipal areas were presented according to the principles of passive defense and the output of the models.
hamid dorj
Abstract
Pakistan's strategic position in South Asia has always attracted the attention of the United States. Trump has taken a policy of pressure and sanctions against the country by accusing Pakistan of harboring terrorists,which has triggered the trampol's crackdown on Washington-Islamabad relations. The lack ...
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Pakistan's strategic position in South Asia has always attracted the attention of the United States. Trump has taken a policy of pressure and sanctions against the country by accusing Pakistan of harboring terrorists,which has triggered the trampol's crackdown on Washington-Islamabad relations. The lack of seriousness in Islamabad in the fight against Taliban terrorists has led the Palace to reduce its military and economic assistance to Islamabad. The main question of the article is what is the US foreign policy towards Pakistan during the Trump era? In answer to this question, we can say; it should be said; Trump for reasons such as; Pakistan's lack of seriousness in the fight against terrorism, concerns over the access of Islamist militias to its nuclear facilities, and the weakening and containment of rivals in its regions such as Russia, China, and Iran Islamabad has adopted and in this regard, cuts or suspends US military and economic aid to Pakistan. In this research, we try to test the hypothesis of research by using an invasive realism theory and relying on descriptive-analytic method.
ehsan lashgari
Abstract
One of the poststructuralist theories includes Gilles Deleuze's "Agency" approach which analyzes the relationship between territorialization and deterritorialization among competing discourses with a concentration on how social rhizomes are articulated. In this theory, territory represents an order formed ...
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One of the poststructuralist theories includes Gilles Deleuze's "Agency" approach which analyzes the relationship between territorialization and deterritorialization among competing discourses with a concentration on how social rhizomes are articulated. In this theory, territory represents an order formed in a time-space section that under a hegemonic discourse; relationship between the elements of state, land, and nation finds a creative concept. In this regard, at the time between the constitutional revolution and the first Pahlavi government emergence in Iran between 1901 and 1925; autocratic government discourse was better able to mobilize rhizomatic forces in the direction of its hegemony in competition with other discourses and make a territorialization based on epistemic reading. In this research, by relying on the interpretive method, has been tried to analyze how social rhizomes are articulated in the construction of autocratic government discourse and how it is territorialized. Findings research show that new rhizomes articulation, such as maintaining security, and territorial integrity, dismantling the traditional forces dominance such as tribal leaders, regional landowners, and official language expansion, were the most important changes that were effective in territorializing the autocratic government discourse in first Pahlavi era. In this discourse, the powerful king was interpreted as the only force who was able to guide other rhizomatic components for the hegemony of this discourse. Therefore, the powerful king became the central signifier of this counter-discourse and commentators also undertook the task connecting of collective reason to this discourse territorialization and by proposing romantic elements such as returning to ancient Iran's glory, tried to create legitimacy for it. This configuration caused the creative meaning formation for Iran’s territory at this time.
Hossein Kashiri; hamid reza shirzad; Garine Keshishyan; hassan khodaverdi
Abstract
By strengthening urban diplomacy as one of the most important urban management tools, the ground is prepared for the entry of various cities into transnational arenas. Tehran in Iran and Istanbul in Turkey are two examples of cities that are trying to be influential in a larger arena by being members ...
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By strengthening urban diplomacy as one of the most important urban management tools, the ground is prepared for the entry of various cities into transnational arenas. Tehran in Iran and Istanbul in Turkey are two examples of cities that are trying to be influential in a larger arena by being members of international institutions and designing global city themes. Therefore, the aim of this article is to make a comparative comparison of urban diplomacy indicators in the metropolitan cities of Tehran and Istanbul. The research method is qualitative. After collecting and classifying information, their analysis was carried out through description and reasoning. From the review of the collected articles, 4 dimensions and 13 indicators were obtained for comparing urban diplomacy. The research findings showed that the situation of Istanbul is more favorable compared to Tehran. Then, using semi-structured interviews, the reasons for Tehran's failure were examined. 6 interviews were conducted and the collected data were analyzed using content analysis. Despite the opportunities and necessities it has had to play an active role in the field of urban diplomacy, the metropolitan city of Tehran has not been able to achieve a suitable position in the field of urban diplomacy due to some obstacles, mainly political. On the other hand, Turkey has adopted neoliberal policies since the 1980s, which has resulted in Istanbul becoming a center for attracting foreign investment. Considering the indicators, it can be said that the dimensions of city diplomacy are interconnected. Therefore, strengthening each of them and removing political obstacles can lead to positive results.
parviz soleimani moghadam
Abstract
AbstractEfficient management is one of the fundamental pillars of urban growth and development, and without it, the sustainability of a city cannot be imagined. Today, modern management approaches have replaced traditional ones worldwide. Good urban governance is one such modern management approach, ...
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AbstractEfficient management is one of the fundamental pillars of urban growth and development, and without it, the sustainability of a city cannot be imagined. Today, modern management approaches have replaced traditional ones worldwide. Good urban governance is one such modern management approach, based on the principles of participation, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, strategic vision, justice, rule of law, and solidarity. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of urban management through the lens of good urban governance in the small town of Abdolkhan in Shush County. Data collection was conducted through documentary, library, and field studies using questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing t-test statistics, correlation analysis, and the SWOT-QSPM analytical model.The results indicate that the level of satisfaction with urban management performance, emphasizing urban governance indicators, is below the average (3), with the lowest satisfaction related to the index of participation in implementing plans and programs. Additionally, the findings reveal a direct and significant relationship between sustainability and urban governance, meaning that achieving governance indicators in urban management can lead to urban sustainability. Finally, based on the SWOT analytical model—identifying internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) and scoring them—this study concludes that to achieve good urban governance in Abdolkhan's urban management, aggressive strategies (SO), i.e., leveraging internal strengths to exploit external opportunities, should be prioritized.Keywords: Urban Management, Good Governance, Abdolkhan City (Alvan), T-Test, SWOT Model
fatemeh bakhski shadmehri; Seyyed Hadi Zarghani; Abbasali Dadashi Roudbari
Abstract
This study focuses on two main indicators—"climate change" and "Afghanistan’s hydropolitical policies"—to analyze the state of water resources in the Helmand River Basin. The aim is to examine the climatic impacts over the past three decades (1991–2021) in the basin, as well as ...
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This study focuses on two main indicators—"climate change" and "Afghanistan’s hydropolitical policies"—to analyze the state of water resources in the Helmand River Basin. The aim is to examine the climatic impacts over the past three decades (1991–2021) in the basin, as well as to evaluate the consequences of Afghanistan’s hydropolitical policies (such as dam construction, river diversion, etc.) on water resource reduction, food security, migration, and transboundary tensions with Iran. The research methodology employs an integrated quantitative and qualitative approach, including analysis of climatic data, the SPEI drought index, satellite data, and spatial and geopolitical analyses. The innovation of this study lies in integrating climatic data with spatial and geopolitical analyses and using the SPEI index for a comprehensive assessment of water security in a transboundary basin. The findings indicate that, during the years 1991 to 2021, climate change in the Helmand River Basin has led to a significant decrease in precipitation, rising temperatures, increased evaporation, and intensified drought. These developments have seriously threatened the sustainability of water resources, agriculture, and the Hamoun wetlands. In addition, the results show that Afghanistan’s hydropolitical policies, including the construction of large dams such as Kajaki and Kamal Khan, as well as river diversion projects, have been designed and implemented in the context of hydropolitical competition with Iran and to increase Afghanistan’s water hegemony. These actions have resulted in a sharp reduction in water inflows to Sistan Plain, threatened food security, destroyed ecosystems, and increased migration, with extensive environmental, economic, political, and social consequences, especially in Iran’s border regions. Moreover, the continuation of this trend will significantly intensify hydropolitical tensions between the two countries.
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