Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
Authors
1 Master student of political geography, University of Tehran
2 Asistante
Abstract
So far, various theories in the field of political geography and its complementary branch, geopolitics, have been proposed by world-thinking thinkers. Ports, which are considered as politico-spatial components of coastal countries with the role of gateway geoeconomics and geostrategic defense-military, have always been considered by these thinkers as the link between the two geographical areas of land and sea. However, they have not proposed a separate theory with the centrality of ports in the game of powers. Therefore, in this study, while examining the role of ports in theories of political geography and geopolitics, we have tried to introduce the theory of "port power" in contrast to the former land power and sea power. Therefore, these two topics constitute our main goal in this research. The present research is a kind of basic theoretical research and the information and raw materials of the analysis have been obtained by library method and by using scientific books and articles as well as authoritative or reference websites. The results of the research show that the global geopolitical order of the 21st century is moving from land power and seapower to port power, and in the future the country that controls ports will rule the world.
Ahmadi, Seyyed Abbas and Noorali, Hassan(2020); 504 Essential Words in Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tehran, Select Edition. (in Persian)
Ahmadi, Seyyed Abbas (2017); Opinions and scientific theories of Dr. Mohammad Reza Hafeznia, Mashhad, Papoli Publications. (in Persian)
Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza (2017); Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Mashhad, Papli Publications. (in Persian)
Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza and Rabiee, Hossein (2018); Persian Gulf Regional Studies, Tehran, Samat Publications. (in Persian)
Hamidinia, Hossein and Ruhollah Salehi Dolatabad (2015); Energy, the New Great Playground in Central Asia (Case Study: Russia, USA, and China), Central Asia and the Caucasus Quarterly, No. 90. (in Persian)
Soleimanpour, Hadi (2017); Strategic initiatives of the Asian powers in the Caspian region, Central Asia and the Caucasus Quarterly, No. 99. (in Persian)
Ezzati, Ezzatullah (2017); Geopolitics, Tehran, Samat Publications. (in Persian)
8-Hagget, Peter (2000); Geography: A New Composition, translated by Shapur Goodarzi, Volume 2, Tehran, Ney Publications. (in Persian)
Albert, E. (2019). China’s Global Port Play. THE DIPLOMAT.
Alti , A. (2019). China, Israel, and the Geopolitics of Seaports, What could the Chinese investment in the Israeli port of Haifa mean for regional geopolitics in the Middle East?,. CHINA POWER.
ARNOLD, J., & DUGIN, A. (2018). GEOPOLITICS: THEORIES, CONCEPTS, SCHOOLS, AND DEBATES, TRANSCRIPT PREPARED. LECTURE #2 READ AT THE CHINA INSTITUTE OF FUDAN UNIVERSITY.
Ashraf, J. (2017). String of Pearls and China's Emerging Strategic Culture. Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI), 1.
- R. D. (2020). Six Major Economic Corridors under Belt & Road Initiative. Business Reporting Desk, Belt & Road News.
Balsiger, J. (2018). Lectures: Cours political geography, Introduction and origins of the (sub)discipline of political geography and A political geography of the city: urban agriculture and public space, .
Bijian, Z. (2005). China's Peaceful Rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian 1997-2005. brookings institution press.
Blanchard, J., & Flint, C. (2017). The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Geopolitics, Volume 22- Issue 2.
Blank, S. (2003). India’s rising profile in Central Asia. Comparative Strategy.
Blouet, B. (2005). Global geostrategy, Mackinder and the defence of the west. LONDON AND NEW YORK FRANK CASS.
Bronte Barea , I. (2017). The geopolitics of the world's oceans. Admiral James Stavridis, Sea Power. The History and Geopolitics of the World's Oceans. Penguin Press, 363.
Cafiero, G., & Čok, C. (2020). The geopolitics of ports in the Horn of Africa. The New Arab, 8.
Chena, Jihong ; Feia, Yijie ; Tae-Woo Lee, Paul; Tao, Xuezong. (2018). Overseas Port Investment Policy for China’s Central and Local Governments in the Belt and Road Initiative. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA, Routledge, Teylor and Francis.
China Briefing. (2009). China’s String of Pearls Strategy. China Briefing. Retrieved from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china%E2%80%99s-string-of-pearls-strategy/
Cohen, S. (2014). Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. Rowman & Littlefield.
Contessi, N. (2020). The Great Railway Game, Eurasian Corridors on the North—South Axis, . Reconnecting Asia.
Cox , H. (2019). Port without authority. Markets & Geopolitics.
Dorsey, J. (2020). Flying Under the Radar: Iranian Alternatives to Suez and Belt and Road. Project: Middle East.
Dupin, C. (2018). Foreign investments in U.S. ports face government scrutiny. AMERICAN SHIPPER. Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/foreign-investments-in-u-s-ports-face-government-scrutiny.
Dasgupta, S. (2019). What Are Different Types of Ports For Ships? . Marine Ports.
ECONOMIST.COM. (2020). China is making substantial investment in ports and pipelines worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/special-report/2020/02/06/china-is-making-substantial-investment-in-ports-and-pipelines-worldwide
Flint, C., & Zhu, C. (2018). The geopolitics of connectivity, cooperation, and hegemonic competition: The Belt and Road Initiative. Geoforum.
Gallagher, J. (2019). Experts warn of China’s influence at U.S. ports. AMERICAN SHIPPR. Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/experts-warn-of-chinas-influence-at-us-ports.
Gallaher, C., Dahlman, C., Gilmartin, M., Mountz, A., & Shirlow, P. (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography (Key Concepts in Human Geography). Sage Publications Ltd.
Glassner, M. (1993). Political Geography (2nd Edition ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
geopolitics.news. (2020). MIDDLE EAST, Beijing’s strategic 25-year partnership with Tehran. https://geopolitics.news/south-asia/middle-eastbeijings-strategic-25-year-partnership-with-tehran/.
Germond , B. (2015). The (Critical) Geopolitics of Seapower. in Book: The Maritime Dimension of European Security, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 19.
Hemmings, J. (2020). Reconstructing Order, The Geopolitical Risks in China’s Digital Silk Road. Roundtable in Asia Policy 15.1, p.1.
Holmes, J. (2014). STRATEGIC FEATURES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA, A Tough Neighborhood for Hegemons. NAVAL WARCOLLEGEREVIEW, Vol. 67, No. 2, 30-51.
ICJ. (1971). INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS.
Iliopoulos , I. (2009). Strategy and Geopolitics of Sea Power throughout History. Baltic Security & Defence Review, Volume 11, Issue 2,, 5.
Jianqun, T. (2020). Three Geopolitical Theories and the “Belt and Road” Initiative. CAIFC, 1. :http://www.caifc.org.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=22&id=539
Jones, J. (2018). 10 Largest Ports in the World. largest.org.
Jones, M., Jones, R., & Woods, M. (2004). AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, Space, place and politics,. Routledge.
Kleveman, L. (2004). The New Great Game, How is our increasing dependence on oil and our search for it - jeopardizing the war on terrorism? Globalist Bookshelf.
Knox , P., & Taylor, P. (1995). World cities in a world-system. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
lloydslist. (2018). Top 10 box port operators 2018. Lloyd's List. Retrieved from https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1125032/Top-10-box-port-operators
lloyds List. (2018). Lloyd,s List. Retrieved from https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1123512/69-Bandar-Abbas-Iran
Marroni, E., & Asmus, L. (2013). Geopolitical Strategy for the Territorialism of Oceans and Seas. International Journal of Geosciences 04(07):1051-1054, 1051.
Marshall Jr, R. (2012). THE STRING OF PEARLS: CHINESE MARITIME PRESENCE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIAN NAVAL DOCTRINE. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, 1.
Merk, O. (2017). Geopolitics and commercial seaports, 2017. In Revue internationale et stratégique Volume 107, Issue 3.
Mohan, C. (2012). Samudra Manthan Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. publication by a think tank.
Muir, R. (1975). Modern Political Geography. Macmillan.
OECD. (2014). The competitiveness of global port-cities. OECD Publishing, 22.
Portstrategy. (2017). Geopolitics and port development. Portstrategy.
Rodrigue, J. (2010). Maritime Transportation: Drivers for the Shipping and Port Industries. International Transport Forum, 3.
Rodrigue, J., & Notteboom, T. (2020). Port Terminals. The Geography of Transport Systems.
Rodrigue , J., & Notteboom, T. (2020: (a). The Changing Geography of Seaports. Port Economics, Management and Policy, New York: Routledge. Forthcoming.
Roomi, A. M. (2012). EURASIAN GEOPOLITICS AND EMERGING TRENDS OF NAVAL AVIATION IN INDIAN OCEAN. Margalla Papers , 93-120.
Sarker, M., Hossin, M., Yin, , X., & Sarkar, M. (2018). One Belt One Road Initiative of China: Implication for Future of Global Development. Modern Economy, 2018, 9.
Singh, S. ; Singh, B. (2019). Geopolitics of ports: Factoring Iran in India’s counterbalancing strategy for “Sino-Pak Axis”. Research Article.
Talley, W. (2009). Port Economics. Routledge.
Tacconi, M. (2010). The New Great Game. Translated by Francesca Simmons.
Teylor, P. J.; Flint, C. (2018). Political Geography,World-Economy, Nation-State and Locality. Routledge.
Taylor, P., Catalano, G., & Walker, D. (2002). measurement of world city network. urban studies, vol 39, 2372.
Tweed, D. (2019). QuickTake, China’s New Silk Road,. Bloomberg.
Vince, V. (2003). Maritime Transport and Port Operations. The Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade, 11.
Walberg, E. (2011). Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games. Clarity Press.
Whittlesey, D. (1939) the Erth and the State: a study of political geography, H, Holt.
WMP. (2020). World’s Major Port Cities Are Growing Faster Than Inland Cities. euromonitor.
- Li, K., Zhang, W., Chen, S., & Huo, W. (2019). International port investment of Chinese port-related companies. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 11(5):430, 1.
portpress.ir/69857/%D8%A7%D8%B3
https://www.eligasht.com/Blog/travelguide/%D9%BE
)
Send comment about this article