Narges Vazin; Hossein Mokhtari Hashi; Mahdi Setayesh Manesh
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
National power is a set of potential and actual capabilities of a country that is used to achieve national interests. Increasing national power is one of the most important goals of countries and efforts are always made to achieve it. National power plays an ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
National power is a set of potential and actual capabilities of a country that is used to achieve national interests. Increasing national power is one of the most important goals of countries and efforts are always made to achieve it. National power plays an important role in the geopolitical weight of countries, which determines their position in the international system. Tourism can strengthen national power by strengthening the soft aspects of national power. This is why countries focus on tourism to achieve this goal. Iran is considered one of the ten largest countries in the world in terms of various historical, religious and natural tourist attractions, and it can use this opportunity to strengthen its national power. The present study aims to explain the importance and impact of tourism on national power components in Iran.
Review of Literature
National power has various origins and foundations that produce national power in a collective function. Economic, political, military, social, geographical and scientific factors are some of the main factors shaping the national power of countries. The impact of tourism on the economy is one of the direct and indirect methods of per capita income, as well as government revenues and increasing employment opportunities. Tourism also contributes to a fair distribution of income and directs money from the rich and middle classes to the poor, and can have a significant impact on improving the economies of less developed countries. Politically, tourism often helps increase political stability. With the increase in social interactions resulting from tourism, peace and understanding among nations will increase and in fact tourism is a tool of public diplomacy. Tourism can provide a positive and unmediated mental image of countries. Another effect of tourism is increasing security in the community. Socially and culturally, tourism helps to strengthen local values, traditions and culture, and also renews some customs and traditions. Tourism helps to raise public awareness and learn more about other cultures. Tourism protects historical monuments and buildings.
Methodology
A descriptive-analytical and survey research method was used in this study. The study subjects consists of 40 elites and academic specialists. Field research methods (5 pint likert scales questionnaire) were used for data collection purposes. The reliability of questionnaire with score of 0.7 confirmed. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software and GLM repeated measures analysis of variance test and one- sample t-test.
Findings and Discussion
Regarding the impact of tourism on national power dimensions, the one-sample T-test with an average value (3) indicated the mean values of 4, 3.85, and 3.91 for the economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions respectively. It was statistically significant at the alpha level of 0.05, indicating the impact of tourism on the national power of Iran. Regarding the impact of tourism on national power factors, the one-sample t-test showed that all factors of three economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions had mean values higher than average, and it was statistically significant at the alpha level of 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism can strengthen the national power of Iran in all three economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions.
Conclusion
Today, the importance of tourism has attracted the attention of governments and nations, and countries are trying to develop tourism by adapting their national structures to these activities, not only to introduce their culture, country, land, nation, history and national identity to the world, but also they have good economic interests and a special place in the international trade of the tourism industry. Given the numerous and diverse capabilities and opportunities in the field of tourism that Iran has, the present study has explained the importance and the role of tourism in strengthening the national power of the country. The results of this study show that the development of tourism is effective in strengthening the national power of the country in macroeconomic, political and socio-cultural dimensions. Among these dimensions, tourism has the greatest impact on the economic dimension by strengthening the components of "increasing national income" and "strengthening the private sector." The overall results showed that tourism development both strengthens and develops the country's economic by increasing income, production, job creation, strengthening the private sector, trade development, increasing justice, strengthening domestic and foreign policy, increasing welfare, education, increasing national cohesion and solidarity and simultaneous cultural exchanges at the national and international levels, as well as it strengthens the country's domestic and foreign policies, and ultimately, strengthens the national power, the country's geopolitical position at the regional and global levels. Along with the above results, the following suggestions are provided:
To increase the awareness of legislators, policymakers and planners of the country with the position of tourism in strengthening national power;
To develop an integrated policy and planning system between policy makers and tourism planning agencies;
To create expert interactions between the foreign policy apparatus and policy makers and executives of the country's tourism industry;
To familiarize diplomats and experts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the capabilities and potentials of tourism;
To expand relations with international tourism-related organizations such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Hassan noorali; Seyyed Abbas ahmadi
Abstract
So far, various theories in the field of political geography and its complementary branch, geopolitics, have been proposed by world-thinking thinkers. Ports, which are considered as politico-spatial components of coastal countries with the role of gateway geoeconomics and geostrategic defense-military, ...
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So far, various theories in the field of political geography and its complementary branch, geopolitics, have been proposed by world-thinking thinkers. Ports, which are considered as politico-spatial components of coastal countries with the role of gateway geoeconomics and geostrategic defense-military, have always been considered by these thinkers as the link between the two geographical areas of land and sea. However, they have not proposed a separate theory with the centrality of ports in the game of powers. Therefore, in this study, while examining the role of ports in theories of political geography and geopolitics, we have tried to introduce the theory of "port power" in contrast to the former land power and sea power. Therefore, these two topics constitute our main goal in this research. The present research is a kind of basic theoretical research and the information and raw materials of the analysis have been obtained by library method and by using scientific books and articles as well as authoritative or reference websites. The results of the research show that the global geopolitical order of the 21st century is moving from land power and seapower to port power, and in the future the country that controls ports will rule the world.
seyed Hadi Zarghani; Fayyaz MazloumYar
Abstract
AbstractThe creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries ...
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AbstractThe creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of British and British power in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase that over time and major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence not only failed. With the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interest between the two neighboring countries, the complexity of events has increased and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences. To Afghanistan has included land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan, global insecurity, the collapse of the social system, and so on.
Mostafa ghaderi hajat; Mohammad Javad Ghahramani; Yazdani Khorasgani Ebrahim
Abstract
The rise of China as a major power in the international system has led it to act relatively differently in its foreign policy than in the past. China's most important behavior can be expressed in the form of the Belt and Road initiative. This initiative helped China to avoid Slowly avoid facing ...
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The rise of China as a major power in the international system has led it to act relatively differently in its foreign policy than in the past. China's most important behavior can be expressed in the form of the Belt and Road initiative. This initiative helped China to avoid Slowly avoid facing the United States in East Asia and also boosted Beijing's growth. The Belt and Road initiative includes a number of projects, mainly leading to a greater focus of Beijing on the country's western geographical areas. Pakistan, located on the shores of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea, has a critical role in China's new foreign policies due to its geographical location. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, launched in 2015, clearly demonstrates the importance and position of Pakistan and the growing relationship between the two countries. This article seeks to examine the role of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor from the perspective of China's new position in the international system through analytical-explanatory methods and relying on library resources. The results show that the most important benefits of the corridor for China, which can advance China's foreign policy in the current context of the international system, can be expressed in terms of the role of the economic corridor as a clear symbol of cross-border presence. China stressed the need to play the role of a major world power, gain economic benefits and strengthen China's sphere of influence from geo-economics to geostrategic, help alleviate China's security concerns, and ultimately advance China's new economic model.
Esmeil Alamdar; mohammad reza hafeznia; zahra ahmadypour; Syrus Ahmadi Nohadani
Abstract
Geopolitical knowledge, as a branch of political geography, deals with the interrelationship between geography and politics in the light of the power component. One of the basic concepts of this knowledge is the concept of geopolitical interests, which have a special place in geopolitics and international ...
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Geopolitical knowledge, as a branch of political geography, deals with the interrelationship between geography and politics in the light of the power component. One of the basic concepts of this knowledge is the concept of geopolitical interests, which have a special place in geopolitics and international relations. has it. By identifying the influential components of this concept and the extent of their effectiveness, foreign relations between countries can be analyzed more accurately. This research is descriptive in nature and method and applied in terms of purpose. Data collection has been done through library and field studies. The validity of the questionnaire with CVR and its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha and data analysis were used by T-Test and Friedman test was used to prioritize the components. In order to examine the geopolitical interests of countries in detail in Foreign relations, these interests are divided into 8 components: political, geographical, geoeconomic, geoculture, geostrategic, ecological, cyberspace and scientific-technological. Findings showed that the study of variables of components of geopolitical interests in foreign relations with countries confirms that from the perspective of respondents in terms of frequency distribution tables of all variables with an average score of more than 3 are desirable. Also in testing the hypothesis of component variables The eight's were approved. The results show that the geographical components are in the first rank and the scientific and geoeconomic components are in the next ranks. On the other hand, the geocultural and ecological components are in the last ranks. This indicates that the value and geographical and territorial factors are at the forefront of the demands and tendencies of countries in foreign relations.
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