پردازش مفهوم امنیت آب

نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مراد کاویانی راد ¹
• حامد رحمانی ²
• محمد سلیقه ¹
• فرزانه ساسان پور ³

¹ هیات علمی گروه جغرافیای سیاسی دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

² دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

³ دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/pg.2024.85724.1261

چکیده

کمبود و نبود آب، امنیت و توسعه کشورها را بر می‌آشوبد ‌و به بی‌ثباتی آنها می‌انجامد. طی چند دهه اخیر مؤلفه‌های طبیعی و انسانی پرشماری کمیت و کیفیت آب و دسترسی پایدار به منابع سالم و کافی را درگیر چالش‎های بسیاری کرده‎اند. تهدید بقای زیست و زیستگاه، امنیت آب، را به یکی از جستارهای امنیت پژوهی تبدیل کرده است. پژوهش حاضر ماهیتی بنیادی دارد در قالب مکتب کپنهاک در خصوص امنیت زیست‌محیطی با رویکردی تبیینی– تحلیلی به پردازش مفهوم امنیت آب و مقیاس‎های آن ‎پرداخته است. سوالی که در این تحقیق سعی در پاسخ به آن داشته ایم این است که مفهوم امنیت آب از منظر مکتب کپنهاگ چگونه قابل ارزیابی است؟  نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که امنیت آب، در مقیاس‌های ملی می‌تواند همبستگی ملی، پیوستگی سرزمینی و کنش متقابل فضایی واحدهای سیاسی- فضایی را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. چالش امنیت آب، در مقیاس ملی ایجاد ناامنی برخاسته از عدم دسترسی پایدار به منابع آب، برای شهروندان است که ثبات و امنیت واحدهای سیاسی - فضایی را برمی‎آشوبد و منجر به چالش مشروعیت نظام سیاسی می‌شود. ناامنی آب، در مقیاس فراملی (منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی) نیز اغلب در قالب تنش و کشمکش کشورها نمود می‌یابد. از این رو، کارکرد گسترده و محدودیت فزاینده منابع آب، این پدیده طبیعی راهبردی را در دستورکار امنیتی بسیاری از کشورها قرار داده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مکتب کپنهاک
• امنیت زیست‌محیطی
• بحران آب
• امنیت آب و امنیتی شدن آب

مراجع

1. Bozan, B., (2019). People, Governments and Fear, translated by Strategic Studies Research Institute, 6th edition, Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute.
2. Bozan, B., (conversation) (1379). getting to know the Copenhagen school in the field of security studies; Strategic Studies Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 3, pp. 36-36
3. Bozan, B., Weaver, E., & Wilde, P., (2019). A New Framework for Security Analysis, translated by Alireza Tayeb, third edition, Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute.
4. Rostami, F., & Naderi, M., (2014). Water shortage crisis and gap in national security; International Relations Research Quarterly, Volume 5, Number 15, pp. 161-192..]in Persian[
5. Rezaian, Ahad and Alihossein Rezaian (2016), future research of water crisis in Iran by scenario method; Journal of Ecohydrology, Volume 3, Number 1, pp. 1-17..]in Persian[
6. Attafar, Ali and Marzieh Shojaei (2013), the role of water in Iran's strategic position in the Middle East; Middle East Studies, Volume 18, Number 64..]in Persian[
7. Kaviani-Rad, Murad, Hamidreza Nosrati and Sasanpour, Farzaneh (2018), analysis of the concept of water security from the perspective of political geography and geopolitics; Geopolitics Quarterly, Volume 15, Number 53, pp. 23-59..]in Persian[
8. Kavyanirad, Murad (2014), hydropolitical relations between Iran and Afghanistan; Strategic Studies Quarterly, Volume 8, Number 2, pp. 86-111..]in Persian[
9. Kaviani-Rad, Murad (a) (2018), geopolitical relationship of environmental security and sustainable development; A case study of Lake Urmia; Strategic Studies Quarterly, Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 115-147..]in Persian[
10. Kavianirad, Murad(b) (2019), processing the concept of environmental security (the relationship between security and ecology); Journal of Geopolitics, Volume 7, Number 23, pp. 80-100..]in Persian[
11. Kavianirad, Murad( c) (2017), Iran's Environmental Security, Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Center Publications..]in Persian[
12. Kavianirad, Murad (d) (2010), environmental security from a geopolitical perspective; Geographical Sciences Applied Research Quarterly, Volume 11, Number 23, pp. 85-106..]in Persian[
13. Hadian, Nasser and Hanifa Righi (2018), Securitization and challenges of transboundary waters in South Asia: a case study of Pakistan; Strategic Studies Quarterly, Volume 22, Number 3, pp. 135-158..]in Persian[
14. Halliday, Fard, Barry Buzan and Hine Bush (2014), The New Middle East: Theory and Practice, translated by Asgar Kahramanpour, first edition, Tehran: Amirkabir Publications.
15. Williams, Paul D. (2014). An introduction to security studies, translated by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
16. Araghchi, Abbas (2013), "Water diplomacy, from conflict to cooperation", Jahan Politeh Quarterly, third volume, number 4..]in Persian[
17. Mokhtari Hashi, Hossein; Qadri Hajat, Mustafa (2017), "Hydropolitics of the Middle East in the horizon of 2025, a case study: Tigris and Euphrates, Jordan River and Nile River basins", International Quarterly of Geopolitics, Volume 4, Number 11, pp. 36-74..]in Persian[
18. Baqai, H. (2017), A ticking water bomb between India and Pakistan, Available At: Https://www. Globalvillagespace. Com/Ticking-Water-Bomb-India-Pakistan/
19. Barua, A., Deka, A., Gulati, V., Vij, S., Liao, X., & Qaddumi, H. M. (2019), Re-Interpreting cooperation in transboundary waters: Bringing experiences from the Brahmaputra basin; Water, Vol. 11, No. 12, p. 2589.
20. Bob, M., Rahman, N., Elamin, A., & Taher, S. (2016), Rising groundwater levels problem in urban areas: a case study from the Central Area of Madinah city, Saudi Arabia; Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, No. 41, pp. 1461-1472.
21. Burgess, J. P., Owen, T., & Sinha, U. K. (2016), Human securitization of water? A case study of the Indus Waters Basin; Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 382-407.
22. Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009), The evolution of international security studies, New York: Cambridge.
23. Calow, R. C., MacDonald, A. M., Nicol, A. L., & Robins, N. S. (2010), Ground water security and drought in Africa: linking availability, access, and demand; Groundwater, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 246-256.
24. Collins, J. (2011), Global Palestine, London: Hurst and company
25. Cook, C., & Bakker, K. (2012), Water security: Debating an emerging paradigm; Global Environmental Change, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 94-102.
26. Diskaya, A. (2013), Towards a critical securitization theory: the copenhagen and aberystwyth schools of security studies; E-International Relations, pp. 1-25.
27. Fischhendler, I., & Katz, D. (2013), The use of “security” jargon in sustainable development discourse: Evidence from UN commission on sustainable development; International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, No. 13, pp. 321-342.
28. Hoekstra, Arjen Y et al (2018). Urban water security: A review, Environ. Res.
29. Kirby Roy M:؛ Bartram Jamir & Carr Richard(2003), Water in food production and processing quantity and quality concerns. Food control, Vol, 14, no5, pp. 283_299.
30. Klinke, I. (2009), Five minutes for critical geopolitics: A slightly provocative introduction; Exploring Geopolitics, pp. 1-8.
31. Krivilev, V. A. (2009), Geopolitics and environmental security, NATO science for peace and security series c: environmental security, https://springerlink3. metapress. com/content/g4071444683837mw/resource-secured
32. 13 (2018) 053002: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748- 9326/aaba52/pdf/
33. Mirumachi, Naho (2013), “ Securitising shared waters: an analysis of the hydropolitical context of the Tanakpur Barrage project between Nepal and India”, The Geographical Journal Vol. 179, No. 4.
34. Pak J. H. (2016), Challgenges in Asia China, India, and war over water; Parameters, Vol. 46, No. 2.
35. Sowers, J., Vengosh, A., & Weinthal, E. (2011), Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa; Climatic Change, Vol. 104, No. 3-4, pp. 599-627.
36. Stetter, S., Herschinger, E., Teichler, T., & Albert, M. (2011), Conflicts about water: Securitizations in a global context; Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 441-459.
37. Tarlock, A. D., & Wouters, P. (2010), Reframing the water security dialogue; Journal of Water Law, Vol. 20, No. 2/3, pp. 53-60.
38. Thapa, M. (2011), Non-traditional security cooperation framework: A step towards regionalism in South Asia, GCST new voices Series, (15), Global Consortium on Security Transformation (GCST).
39. The World Resources Report(2021),World Resources Institute's flagship publication,10 February.
40. UN-Water Task Force on Water Security. (2013), Water security & the global water agenda, analytical brief, UN university.
41. Warner, J., & Boas, I. (2017), Securitisation of climate change: The risk of exaggeration; Ambiente & Sociedade, No. 20, pp. 203-224.
42. Zeitoun, M., Allan, J. T., & Mohieldeen, Y. (2010), Virtual water ‘flows’ of the Nile Basin, 1998–2004: A first approximation and implications for water security; Global Environmental Change, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 229-242.