نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استاد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
قسمت اعظمی از فرایند توسعه ژئوپلیتیک، مرهون نظریههایی بوده است که در دو قرن اخیر توسط دانشمندان جهانی اندیش مطرحشده است. نظریههای ژئوپلیتیکی با ماهیت پیشبینی وقایع نظام آینده جهانی، عموماً با مرکزیت موقعیتهای جغرافیایی مختلف در عرصه رقابت قدرت جهانی مطرحشدهاند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، با روش جمعآوری داده به شکل اسنادی و کتابخانهای و شیوۀ تحلیل اطلاعات توصیفی – تحلیلی، واکاوی نقش ایالاتمتحده در نظریههای ژئوپلیتیک سه دوره کلاسیک، مدرن و پستمدرن با رجوع به منابع معتبر بینالمللی بر اساس دو طیف ازنظریهپردازان آمریکایی و غیر آمریکایی میباشد. در این مقاله با بررسی 30 نظریه از تئوریسینهای ژئوپلیتیک استدلال شده است که هر کدام از این اندیشمندان سعی دارند که با توجه به استراتژی و منافع کشور خود، بهنوعی نقش ایالاتمتحده را در نظم جهانی بهعنوان تهدید یا فرصت در نظام ژئوپلیتیک جهانی، به دولتمردان کشور خود یا جهانیان بازنمایی کنند؛ بنابراین، از سرآغازنظریهپردازی ژئوپلیتیکی در اواخر قرن نوزدهم تا سال 2020، ردپای هژمونیک ایالاتمتحده همواره به چشم میخورد.
کلیدواژهها
- Arnold, J., & Dugin, A. (2018). Geopolitics:theories, concepts, schools and debates, transcrip pripered. https://www.geopolitika.ru/en/article/geopolitics-theories-concepts-schools-and-debates
- Bush, G. (1990). Toward a New World Order. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, .
- Brzezinski, Z. (1986). Game Plan. Atlantic Monthly Press, 52–65.
- Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard - American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York City: Basic Books.
- Balsiger, J. (2018). Introduction and origins of the (sub)discipline of political geography and A political geography of the city: urban agriculture and public space. https://baripedia.org/wiki/Introduction_and_origins_of_the_(sub)discipline_of_political_geography
- Bowman, I. (1942). Geography vs. Geopolitics. Geographical Review, American Geographical Society, 32(4), 64-65.
- Cohen, S.B. (2014). Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Cressey, G. (1945). The Basis of Soviet Strength . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- De Seversky, A. (1950). Air Power: Key to Survival. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Fairgrieve, J. (1915). Geography and World Power. London: University Tutorial Press.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). The imperative of State-building. Journal of Democracy,15(2), 17-31. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/54670
- Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. Grand Haven: Brilliance Audio.
- Flint, C. (2006). Introduction to Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Flint, C. (2007). Introduction to Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Germond, B. (2015). The (Critical) Geopolitics of Seapower. in Germond, B. (ed.) The Maritime Dimension of European Security. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gallaher, C., Dahlman, C., Gilmartin, M., Mountz, A., & Shirlow, P. (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography (Key Concepts in Human Geography). Sage Publications Ltd.
- Haynes, J. (2019). Introduction: The Clash of Civilizations andRelations between the West and the Muslim World. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 17(1), 1-10.
- Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations?. Foreign Affairs, 72 (2): 22–49.
- Iliopoulos , I. (2009). Strategy and Geopolitics of Sea Power throughout History. Baltic Security & Defence Review, 11(2), 5-218.
- Jones, M., jones, R., & Woods, M. (2004). An Introduction to political geography, Space, place and politics. London:Routledge.
- Kaplan, R. (2000). The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House.
- Kelly, P. (2016). Classical Geopolitcs, A New Analytical Model. Stanford: Stanford university press.
- Kennedy, P. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. UK: Unwin Hyman.
- Klinghoffer, A. (2006). The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. California: Praeger.
- Levy, J., & Thompson, W. (2010). Balancing on Land and at Sea: Do States Ally against the Leading Global Power? International Security 35(1). doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00001
- Mahan, A. (1900). The Problem of Asia, Its Effect upon International Politics. Boston: Little, brown and company.
- Mahan, A. (2003). The Problem of Asia Its Effect upon International Politics, introduction by Francis P. Sempa. London: Routledge.
- Mahan, A. (1890). The Influence Of Sea Power Upon History (1660-1783). US: Spectral Associates.
- Malin, J. (1944). Space and History. Agricultural History 18 (July 1944): 65–126.
- Mackinder, H. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 170(4), 298–321.
- Mackinder, H.J., (1919). Democratic Ideals and Reality A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. London: Constable and Co., Ltd.
- Milestones (2020). Kennan and Containment, 1947. OTH, Historian. Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/
- Modelski, G. (1988). Long cycles in global politics.
- Mearsheimer, J. (1990). Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.
- Mearsheimer, J., & Walt , S. (2016). The Case for Offshore Balancing, A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy. Council on Foreign Relations, 95(4), 70-83.
- Nye, J. (1992). What New World Order? Council on Foreign Relations, 71(2), 83-96.
- Pishgahi Fard, Z., & Noor Ali, H. (2022). Review of Neglected Theories in Iran's Geopolitical Literature. Human Geography Research Quarterly. Published online from April 1400.[ In Persian]
- Roomi, A. M. (2012). Eurasian geopolitics and emerging trends of naval aviation in Indian ocean. Margalla Papers , 93-120.
- Sharp, J. (1998). Reel geographies of the new world order: Patriotism, masculinity, and geopolitics in post-Cold War American movies. in Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Sonnenfeldt, H. (1978). Linkage in U.S. Foreign Policy. the Newyork times.
- Spykman, N. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 457–72.
- Sempa, F. (2020). The Problem of Asia in 2020. asianreviewofbooks. Retrieved from https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/the-problem-of-asia-in-2020/
- Sparke , M. (1998). Outsides inside patriotism: The Oklahoma bombing and the displacement of heartland geopolitics. in Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Turner, F. (1920). The significance of the frontier in American history, in The Frontier in American History, Ed. F J Turner (pp 1-38). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Walberg, E. (2011). Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games. Atlanta: Clarity Press.
- Weigert, H. (1946). Mackinder's Heartland. The American Scholar, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, 15(1),43-54.
- Yucekaya, M. (2014). Ibn Khaldun's conception of dynastic cycles and contemporary theories of international system change: a comparative assessment. ADAM AKADEMİ, 8(2), 231-266. DOI: 10.31679/adamakademi.453944
- Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (1998). Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- O’Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (1998). The Geopolitics Reader. London: Routledge.
- O’Sullivan, P. (1982). Antidomino. Political Geography Quarterly, 1/1, 57–64.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله