نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشگاه خوارزمی
چکیده
رویکردهای فعّال‌سازی/خاموش‌سازی در ژنگان سیاست خارجی کشورها وجود دارد. ژنـوم‌هایِ جغرافیاپایه با رویکردهای دوگانه ژئوپلیتیک یا ژئوپاسیفیک، فعّال‌سازی می‌گردند. در رویکرد ژئوپاسیفیک، بازیگران تلاش دارند هویّت سیاسی خود را در عرصه بین‌المللی مبتنی بر عضویت در سازمان‌های منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی، ایفای نقش میانجی منازعات منطقه‌ای، اتّخاذ راهبردهایِ تنش‌زدا، پذیرش اصلِ همکاری‌های متقابل بر اساس منافع مشترک، شکل دهند؛ درحالی‌که، در رویکرد ژئوپلیتیک، دست‌یابی به منافع، بر اساس اصلِ رقابت پیگیری می‌گردد. در هر دو رویکرد، ژنوم‌های زایل کننده قدرت ملّی، غیرفعّال می‌گردند. ترکمنستان ازجمله کشورهایی است که پویش‌های ژئوپلیتیکِ فراتر از واقعیت‌های جغرافیایی داشته است؛ زیرا، با گرفتاری‌های ژئوپلیتیک (محصورشدگی در خشکی، فقدان تاریخ مستقلِّ سیاسی، سیطره پیشینیِ نظام کمونیستی و فقدان عمق استراتژیک) مواجه است، اما توانسته در سیاست خارجی، کنش‌هایی کامروا داشته باشد. در این مقاله، کوشش می‌شود چهره نوین سیاست خارجی ترکمنستان، بر اساس سازه مفهومیِ ژنومِ ژئوپلیتیک، واکاوی شود: شناخت پتانسیل‌های اقتصادی و فعّال‌سازی ژنوم‌های جایگاه‌یابی در اقتصاد سیاسی جهان، مسیرسازی برای انتقال انرژی، شناخت و فعال‌سازیِ پتانسیل‌های ژئوکالچر، شناخت موقعیّت ژئواستراتژیک و اتّخاذ راهبردهای تنش‌زدا در عرصه سیاست خارجی.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Ahmadi Pour, Z. et al. (2011). Explained the geopolitical formation of regional organizations in the field of geopolitics in the caspian/central Asia. Spheres of Security, 12. [In Persian]
Ali Pour, M. R. (2009). The development of economic cooperation between Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan horizons. Events and Analysis, 234. [In Persian]
Asian Development Outlook (2014). Turkmenistan, Fiscal Policy for Inclusive Growth,http://www.adb.org/countries/turkmenistan/economy
Ataee, F. & Azizi, H. R. (2010). The role of energy factor in relations between Iran and Turkmenistan. Political and International Studies, 3,745-758. [In Persian]
Ataee, F. & Shojaee, M. K. (2010). Continuity and change in domestic andforeign policy course of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdi muhamedov. Central Eurasian Studies, 6, 97-110. [In Persian]
Behishtipur, H. (2011). The principle of neutrality of Turkmenistan's Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: http://beheshtipour.blogfa.com/post-348.aspx, 27 avalanches. [In Persian]
Behzadi, R. (2001). Symbol in the mythology: The culture of the symbolic figures in theart of east and west, Monthly Art, 35-36, 52-56. [In Persian]
Boss helsop, H. (2003). The Caspian states of the former Soviet Union; Economic performance since 1998, In S. N. Cumming (Ed.), Oil, transition and security in central Asia. London and New York: Routledge.
DehghaniFirozabadi, S. J. (2006). Iranian foreign policy discourse in central Asia and the Caucasus. IRAS, 1(2), 114-133. [In Persian]
Dehshiri, M. R. (2009). Media and culture. Cultural Studies, 2(8).179-208. [In Persian]
Department of Justice (1993). Alert series Turkmenistan, political conditions in the post-soviet era, Washington .D.C: INS Resource Information Center.
DeSalle, R. &Yudell, M. (2012). Welcome to the genome: Auser's guide to the genetic past, present, and future, (3rd Ed.).(Trans .A.tavakolisaberi). Tehran: Maziyar Publications. [In Persian]
Ekhbari, M. et. al. (2011). America's efforts to stabilize Iran's geopolitical hegemony in the world. The Study of Human Geography, 75, 87-112. [In Persian]
Farajirad, A. &Moradi, H. (2012). Energy geopolitics in central Asia and its impacton regional and trans-regional competition. Proceedings of the FifthCongress of Iran's geopolitical, 3 and 4, Khordad. Rasht: Islamic Azad University of Rasht. [In Persian].
Fayaz, I., & Sarfaraz, H. & Ahmadi, A. (2011). Semiotics of cultural perspectives in cultural geography: The strategic concept for understanding and discovery of the meaning. Cultural Studies, 4(4), 91-116. [In Persian]
Ganzi, G. (2004). Turkmenistan’s Caspian Resources and its international political economy, In S. Akiner (Ed.), The Caspian: Politics, energy and security.162-196. London and New York: Routledge.
Hafeznia, M. R. (2003). The cultural heritage of Turkmenistan in shaping nationalIdentity. Lecturer in the Humanities, 7(2), 109-123. [In Persian]
Kahveci, H. (2003). Oil and gas sector in the Post-Soviet Turkmenistan: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from: http://www.obiv.org.tr/2003/AVRASYA/hkahveci.pdf, (accessedon 7 / 12 / 2009).
Koolaee, E. and Azizi, H. R. (2010).The role of Energy Transfer in Turkmenistan's relationswith Russia. Central Eurasian Studies, 7,125-105. [In Persian]
Koolaee, E., & Tishehyar, M. (2009). China’s energy security approach inthe Central Asia. Proceeding of International Conference on Eurasian Peace andCooperation: Challenges and Opportunities. Kashmir: University of Kashmir, 1-18. [In Persian]
Lewin, B. (2004). Gene. (Trans.H. Bastian & M. piroz). Tehran: Imam Hossein University. [In persion]
Mohammadpuor, A. et al. (2006). The role and function of the evolution of the geographical space border tax department on the border with Iran and Turkmenistan, Professor of Human Sciences, 48,147-172. [In Persian]
Motagi, I. et. al. (2013). Developments in the Arab world: Climate change, geopolitics togeo-culture of strategic security new security, Defense Policy, 12(83), 69-97. [In Persian]
Olcott, M. B. (2006). International Gas trade in central Asia: Turkmenistan, Iran, Russia and Afghanistan, natural gas and geopolitics from 1970 to 2040. New York: Cambridge university press.
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). (2013). Annual Statistical Bulletin. Retrieved from http://www.opec .org/opec_web/static_ files_project/media/ downloads/publications/ ASB2015. Pdfs
Pomfert, R. (2003). Central Asia since 1991: The experience of the new independent states, Paper Presented in an Informal Seminar at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on 19th. Feb.
Pourahmadi, H. (2011). The feasibility and impact of the organization of gas exporting countries (Avjk) on convergence and improve security, power and other benefits of the Gas Exporting Countries, Foreign Affairs, 4,7-52. [In Persian]
Purmhrany, M. (2009). Iran's Geopolitical Challenges in the External Borders, Presented inTehran innovation, (n.p.): (n.p.). [In Persian]
Safavi S.Y. & Mahdian, H. (2010). Iran's energy geopolitics and energysecurity of the east, Human Geography, 2, 31-46. [In Persian]
Samuylov, M. Sergei (2001). The Ethnic-Cultural-Geopolitical approach to formation of the new limited Russia’s Security System within a Post-Soviet space, final report of the project. Moscow: (n.p.).
Sanaee, M. (2011). Iran and central Asia: Trends and prospects. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [In Persian]
Shadivand, GH. (2011). An analysis of the US presence in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea oil and Gas resource, Journal of the Association for Energy Economics,146-145,1-6. [In Persian]
Shaymergenov, T. (2006). Geopolitics and energy diplomacy in central Asia and the Caspian. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 41, (5)1-13.
Sinai, V. (2011). Hydro, water security and development cooperation between Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Foreign Affairs, 2,185-212. [In Persian]
TaghaviAsl, S. (2008). Iran's new geopolitics of Kazakestan to Georgia (3rd Ed.). Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [In Persian]
Turkmenistan Country Report (2012). BTI 2012 / Turkmenistan Country Report. Gütersloh: BertelsmannStiftung, http://www.bti - project.org.
ZeynelAbedin, U. & Saber, Z. (2013). Iran's geopolitical interests in the fields of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan using matrix measure. Geopolitics, 9,108-135. [In Persian]
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله