نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
Doi:org/10.22067/pg.v5i4.85912
چکیده
در طول تاریخ، بشر همواره تمهیداتی را برای در امان ماندن حوادث طبیعی و غیر طبیعی اتخاذ کرده است. پدافند غیرعامل در طی دههها و سدههای گذشته برای حراست و مراقبت در برابر دشمنان طبیعی و انسانی حائز اهمیت بوده است به طوری که پدافند غیرعامل یکی از مهمترین رویکردها و راهبردها در در زمینه مدیریت بحران در شهرها خواهد بود؛ در واقع بروز تهاجمات و تجاوزات باعث شده، اصل دفاع در ایجاد شهرها همواره مورد توجه قرار گیرد؛ لذا در نظر داشتن برنامهریزی کاربری اراضی، به عنوان یکی از اصول اساسی در زمینه پدافند غیرعامل است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Akhbari, M., AhmadiMoghadam, M. (2014).Investigating passive defense in urban management, Geopolitical Quarterly,10(2),36-69.
Asgari, A. (2011). Spatial Statistics Analysis with ArcGIS, Tehran Municipality Information and Communication Technology Organization.
Asghariyan Jedi, A., Mir Hashemi ,E. (2015). Passive defense indigenous knowledge in architecture and urban history of Iran's historical periods and evolved examples of these experiences, Iranian Journal of Indigenous Knowledge,2(3),1-35.
Azami, H., Razavi nejad, M., Rezaee Moghadam, A. (2014). Comparative Comparison of Spatial Distribution of Mosques according to Islamic City Components (Case Study: Regions 5 and 11 of Mashhad Municipality), Sustainable City Journal,1(1),110-134.
Bastani, M., Mohammad niaye Gharaee, F., Saeedi, S. (2017). Spatial planning of housing with with non-agent defense approach(case study of Noghan Mashhad), passive defense journal,10(1),73-85.
Bernard Tan, W.K., Chin, J.C., Lee, C.K., & Wong, K.F. (1999). Planning and design of a civil defence shelter station in Singapore. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 14(4), 509-512. doi:10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00012-2
Bothe ,M. (1982). Civil defense. In Rudolf R.L. Binsdschedler (Ed.), Use of Force . War and Neutrality Peace Treaties (A–M) (pp. 86 – 88). North-Holland. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-86234-1.50037-0
Chester, C. V. & Zimmerman, G.P. (1987). Civil defenses shelters: a state-of-the-art assessment. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2(4), 401-428. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(87)90101-5.
Chester, C. V. (1981). Incorporation civil defense shelter space in new underground construction.In The Potential of Earth-Shelter and Underground Space. (pp. 31-47).
Dehkhoda, A. (1931). Dehkhoda dictionary,Tehran Publications,Tehran.
Eskandari, H. (2011). Passive Defense Knowledge - Special Level 2 General Course ,Tehran, Bustan Hamid Publications.
Famil Norouzi, H., SHarifi, SH., Mohammadi., K. (2013). Investigating the Risk of Sensitive Buildings in Hamedan City with Passive Defense View, Environmental Studies of Haft Fence (Haft Fence),1(4),5-14.
Fani, K. (1998). The First and Second World Wars, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Fani, Z., Roshan, A. (2017). Non-Selection of Fire Stations with Passive Defense Approach Case Study: Behbahan City, Journal of Geographical Information (Sepehr),26(101),81-91.
Farzan shad, M. (2010). Landscape Design Considerations from the Perspective of Non-Agent Defense, First Scientific Conference on Urban Development and Architecture with Passive Defense Approach,(95),57-65.
Hashemi, J., Rashid, GH., Hosseini Amini,H. (2014). Strategic considerations of non-operating defense in the City Master Plan to reduce vulnerability, Urban Management Studies.6(18),38-63.
Hoffman, S. (2008). Preparing for disaster: Protecting the most vulnerable in emergencies. UC Davis L. Rev., 42, 1491.
Hosseini amini, H., Asadi, S., Bornafar, M. (2010). Evaluating the Structure of the City of Langrood for Passive Defense Planning,Journal of Geographical Sciences Applied Research,15(18),129-149.
Hosseini, A., Modiri, M., Hooshang, M. (2012). Assessing the Distribution and Accessibility of Citizens to Emergency Services in Humanitarian Emergency Situations Using a Passive Defense Approach (Case Study of 117 Districts of Tehran), Journal of Geography (Regional Planning),2(3),172-192.
Hosseini, B., Kameli, M. (2015). Passive Defense Criteria in Architectural Design of Urban Public Buildings, Utopia Architecture & Urban Development,15,27-39.
Hosseini, H., Sedeghi, A., Hoseini amini, H. (2014), Pathology of Mashhad Hospitals with Emphasis on Passive Defense; Case Study: Razavi and Imam Reza Hospitals, International Journal of Geographical Society of Iran,12(42),211-238.
Jasem pour, K., Yazdani, S. (2017). Urban Planning Approaches with Passive Defense Approach to Locating Safe Urban Areas (Case Study: Islamabad West Frontier City),Journal of rescue and relief,9(1),27-45.
Jensen, A. K., & Olsen, S. B. (2019). Childhood Nature Experiences and Adulthood Environmental Preferences. Ecological economics, 156, 48-56.
Jesarati, A., Aghaee, V. (2016). Geographic Analysis of Ardebil Vulnerability Based on Passive Defense Principles,Journal of forensic geography,5(17),27-52.
Kamyabi, S., Alipour, KH., Hasan Abadi, M. (2013). Shelter location in Semnan city using GIS analytical tools and AHP hierarchical analysis process with urban management approach , Law Journal of Geography ,1(3),46-64.
Khammar, GH., Saleh Gohari, H. (2013) Passive Defense Planning and Locating Urban Shelters Using Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Kerman Urban Area), Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies,2(7),21-34.
Khazayi, S., Roostayi Hossein abadi, S. (2016). Locating Multipurpose Urban Shelters Using Geographic Information Systems (Case Study: District One of Tehran Municipality), Passive Defense Journal,7(4),1-12.
Lichtman, S. (2006). Do-It-Yourself Security: Safety, Gender, and the Home Fallout Shelter in Cold War America. Journal of Design History, 19(1), 39-55.
Maleki, K., Sadr moosavi, M., Heydari far, M., Pakideh, E., SHafaati, A. (2013). Evaluation of Sensitive Uses of Sanandaj from Passive Defense Perspective Using GIS, Journal of Forensic Geography,1(1),29-57.
Maleki, S., Mavadat, E. (2013). Importance and necessity of non-operational defense in urban planning, 6th Congress of the Geopolitical Society of Iran Passive Defense, Geopolitical Society of Iran,Ferdowsi University,Mashhad.
Manshadi, M. (2011). Providing an appropriate pattern of dispersal of contemptuous battalions in the war on a par with the principles of passive defense ,journal of Military Management ,11(43),135-164.
Mohammad pour, Ali., Zarqami, A., Zarqami, S. (2015). Investigating and Evaluating Zones and Vulnerable Elements of the City from the Passive Defense Perspective Case Study: Sanandaj City , Journal of Geographical Information (Sepehr) ,26(102).175-190.
Movahedi nia, J. (1989). Principles and principles of passive defense, Malek Ashtar University Press,Tehran.
National Research Council. (2001). Crime victims with developmental disabilities: Report of a workshop. National Academies Press.
Ostovar Izadkhah, Y. (2010).Womens and natural hazards:vulnerable in disaster or capable of disaster management, Rescue journal,2(2).
Pour ahmad, A., Maroufi, A., Sheykhi, A., Hamzeh pour, R. (2014). The Role of Religious Use in Urban Passive Defense Planning (Case Study: Bukan City Mosques),Journal of forensic geography,2(6),1-26.
Pour jafar, M. (1999). The Role and Position of the Mosque in the Planning and Design of Neighborhoods of the Islamic City, Proceedings of the Mosque Architecture Conference: Past, Present, Future, Tehran, Art University Press.
Pour mohammadi, M., BrandKam, F., Maleki, K., Shafaati, A. (2012). Urban planning tailored to passive defense with emphasis on optimal urban land use assessment and planning (Case Study: Sanandaj City),Sepehr journal,21(83),97-107.
Ranjbar, M., Hamzeh neisiyayi, M. (2014), Evaluation of the vulnerability of urban passages and communication networks of Tehran's 10th municipality based on non-operating defense principles using Carver method, Journal of Natural Geography,7(26),99-120.
Reyhani,F(2015), Investigation of non-operating defense in Switzerland, Journal of Nations Research,1(2),1-6.
Saeedi, A., Davoodi, M., Hosseini Amini, H. (2017). Urban Shelters with Passive Defense Approach, Iranian Journal of Geography and International Research,15(53),351-362.
Saeedi,A,Irandoust, A. (2011). Passive Defense Considerations in Locating Religious Centers (Mosques) Using the AHP Method, Passive Defense Journal,2(4),39-51.
Setareh, A., ZanganehShahraki, Hosseini, A. (2010). Planning and location from a passive defense perspective, Malek Ashtar University.
Shams, M., Safari, R., GHasemi, R. (2014). Evaluation of Mashhad Tourism Climate Conditions Using Quantitative Indices of Thermal Comfort, Journal of Tourism Geography,3(10),91-104.
Shie, E., Sedaghat nia, S, Heydar Zadeh, E. (2013). Location of Urban Shelters Using GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process Case Study: Sarkharood City, National Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development.
Yahya pour, M., Mooghela, M., Sediqi, A., Hosseini Amini, H. (2016). Preparation and location from a passive defense perspective.
Yazdani, M., Mohammadi Hamidi, S. (2017). Spatial Analysis of Multipurpose Land Uses in the City with Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Religious Land Use of Miandoab City) , Geography and Urban Space Development ,4(2),221-242.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله