vahid kiani; Mohsen Taheri
Abstract
Creation Level of security around the country is the main objectives of the development agenda in Iran. Security is a multidimensional phenomenon and is influenced by numerous factors and different areas. Among these factors are the economic factors. This article seeks to identify the economic factors ...
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Creation Level of security around the country is the main objectives of the development agenda in Iran. Security is a multidimensional phenomenon and is influenced by numerous factors and different areas. Among these factors are the economic factors. This article seeks to identify the economic factors affecting the security of the southeast of Iran, especially Sistan and Baluchistan province. It seems that it is possible to increase the level of security and prevent the occurrence of much insecurity, by increasing the level of economic development and solving the economic and development problems in this region. The required data are gathered based on library studies, documents and other related sources and research, using a qualitative method based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Then the capacity and capabilities of development as well as the factors leading to economic non development and security reduction has been analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that the distance of Sistan and Baluchistan province from the active economic centers of the country, the weak role of the province in the national economy and the low rate of net production in the province, the neighborhood with the golden crescent of drugs has increased poverty and unemployment in the province and caused the tendency of people and young people towards the hidden and underground economic activities, so that corruption increase and the level of security decrease. On the other hand, the activation of commercial capacities in the province (Chabahar port and trade routes) as the only potential economic axis of the province does not have favorable productivity conditions. Therefore, due to the weakness of economic production and commercial activity, the activities of drug trafficking, human trafficking, energy trafficking, goods smuggling, etc. have grown significantly and some people prefer illegal and short ways of earning money. The mentioned cases have caused the deprivation of security, especially at the economic level.
Ruholah Eslami; Farideh Amani keykanlo
Abstract
With the expansion of urbanization along with the growth of information technology and the development of communication networks, cities have become a center for the development of countries in a space of streams. In this space, cities enjoy sufficient power, influence and credibility to carry out diplomatic ...
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With the expansion of urbanization along with the growth of information technology and the development of communication networks, cities have become a center for the development of countries in a space of streams. In this space, cities enjoy sufficient power, influence and credibility to carry out diplomatic activities by improving their economic, political, technological, cultural and infrastructural status. They show a new form of diplomacy in their activities. Tourism should also be considered as one of the most important industries of sustainable development in any society that has high mobility in economic, political, social, urban and environmental changes. Focusing on different aspects of the tourism industry, together with the local and national management plans of each community can play a very important role in the international and national management processes of each community. The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method in nature and analyzes the role of urban diplomacy in the development of tourism in North Khorasan province based on the SWOT analytical model. The question is what role does urban diplomacy play in attracting tourists in North Khorasan province? The hypothesis is that urban diplomacy has provided a new approach for infrastructure development and attracting tourists along with economic development, increasing communication, cultural and religious interactions in the province. The research findings show that North Khorasan province attracts many domestic and international tourists due to its numerous tourist attractions. Weaknesses and threats with the lack of basic transportation infrastructure to facilitate tourism and the lack of diversity in tourism facilities prevent the province's cooperation as a partner of urban network at the international level. Data analysis based on SWOT model shows that tourism and attracting tourists in the province has a high potential and covers its weak points to some extent. But the main problem, which is the lack of an extensive air, land, and rail network, still remains. it is required that the officials of the recreation centers and tourist complexes of the capital of the province and the cities should be suitably expanded the tourism facilities in order to improve the position of the province in the tourism industry. Especially urban diplomacy can help to improve strengths and reduce weaknesses.
Mohammad Raoof Heidari Far; Davood Mohseni Poor
Abstract
Development is a comprehensive process of economic, social, cultural and political activities that aims to continuously improve the lives of the entire population. The fair distribution of resources is one of the main pillars of development. Reducing spatial inequality and eliminating the economic and ...
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Development is a comprehensive process of economic, social, cultural and political activities that aims to continuously improve the lives of the entire population. The fair distribution of resources is one of the main pillars of development. Reducing spatial inequality and eliminating the economic and social dichotomy is considered as one of the main goals of development because the imbalance in development between different regions creates gaps and intensifies regional and spatial inequality, which is itself an obstacle to national development. Kermanshah province is not in favorable conditions in terms of the level of development, despite its much potential such as long border, centrality of the west, good climate and suitable soil and vegetation, surface and groundwater resources, abundant labor, rich civilization and historical, ancient monuments, tourist attractions, abundant natural and mineral resources and fossil resources. The main question of the research is why all the above potentials could not bring Kermanshah province to a standard level of development? What are the obstacles holding the province back from development and what is the solution to overcome them? Also, how much does each city in the province benefit from the amount of development and what is the relationship of underdevelopment with the distance from the center of the province? To answer the above questions, statistical and descriptive data and information were used and the obtained data was analyzed in Excel, SPSS and ARC GIS software based on statistical models and methods such as Spearman's correlation, hierarchical analysis model and Combined SWAT analysis, HD index. The results showed that the most important obstacle to the development of the province is the lack of budget allocation, the lack of infrastructural industries, and the lack of investment of the government and other non-governmental actors. The best strategy to deal with the existing conditions is the planning by the government and private sectors in order to revive closed and semi-closed factories, the planning for infrastructure facilities construction, allocating funds and attracting foreign investors.
Somayeh Talebpoor; Mahmood Nourani; Reza Mohammadpour
Abstract
Trade union is one of the regional integration that takes place in different parts of the world. On the other hand, the growth of regionalism and the desire to create economic convergences in various frameworks is expanding day by day. So, today you can hardly find a country that is not a member of at ...
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Trade union is one of the regional integration that takes place in different parts of the world. On the other hand, the growth of regionalism and the desire to create economic convergences in various frameworks is expanding day by day. So, today you can hardly find a country that is not a member of at least one institution with economic function. Foreign trade as an engine of development has caused countries to welcome the expansion of economic cooperation and involve in economic development programs. These programs in the form of convergence plans reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers, improve the business environment and facilitate the flow of currency and financial exchanges between countries and help to develop and strengthen relations between countries. The Eurasian Customs Union is now the newest and most important convergence process in the post-Soviet region. The Eurasian Customs Union was established in 2010 and entered the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015. The expansion of the economic globalization phenomenon has made the relations and cooperation of countries in the interest of being in the form of regional cooperation based on the agenda of many developing countries, especially Iran. Interaction with this Union has made Iran eager to provide the necessary background for preferential trade and economic integration. This study intends to express Iran's position in interaction with the Eurasian region with economic propositions using descriptive-analytical method. Understanding the importance of the progressing process is doubled, considering there are ongoing negotiations between the Republic of Iran and this union regarding the signing economic free trade agreements and this could have consequences for the country. Iran can take appropriate share of the market capacities of the member countries among a multitude of opportunities both in the commodity and non-commodity sectors such as transportation services and technical and engineering services, by adopting a realistic, dynamic, all-round diplomacy and compatible with the realities of the member states of this Union. Iran can expand and deepen the relations between the parties and achieve the economic, scientific and technological position according to the 20-year vision document until 1404 to secure the national interests as much as possible.
Esmeil Alamdar; Elahe Koolaee
Abstract
The countries of Iran and Russia have been two important hubs on the two sides of the Caspian Sea, located in the regions of Hartland and the Rimland. The geopolitical and geostrategic importance of these countries to other countries in the region has led to a dynamic role in the political equations ...
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The countries of Iran and Russia have been two important hubs on the two sides of the Caspian Sea, located in the regions of Hartland and the Rimland. The geopolitical and geostrategic importance of these countries to other countries in the region has led to a dynamic role in the political equations of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Since today power and geopolitical weight in international relations has become more and more important, Russia is regarded as a global power and Iran as a regional power, the two countries have always apply this factor of power in their policies. The realism theory of Hans Morgenthau, which emphasizes the balance of power and the role of power factor, is a proof of this claim. Geopolitics is the study of the interaction of geography, power and politics, and the actions they bring together. The most common boundary between geopolitical knowledge and international relations can be found in the theory of realism. Morgentha, as one of the theorists of international relations, believed that international politics was governed by universal and objective laws based on national and national interests, and not on the psychological drivers of decision-makers. Based on this theory, statesmen think and act within the framework of their own interests defined as power. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic. First, the required information was collected using library method and by referring to authoritative sources, books and articles. Then, a geopolitical analysis of the relations between Russia and Iran after the Islamic Revolution was discussed on the basis of Morgenth's theory. This research tries to answer the research question; is the doctrine of Russia's powers of power and hegemony changed before the collapse and seeking global peace and security? Or is it seeking national interests and the expansion of vital space through close relations with Iran in regional and global affairs? During the post-revolution period, relations between Iran and Russia in general and in the past decades, in particular, have not reached a strategic level because of the wrong believes of the Russian scholars and government towards Iran and, conversely, the wrong believes civil society and people of Iran towards Russia. Relations between the two countries have developed in the post-Islamic revolution in various fields. Iran and Russia pursue national goals and unique geopolitical codes in their foreign policy, and regulate all their regional and global movements based on this geopolitical compass. Russia is trying to maintain and extend its national interests with Iranian support in the region of Southwest Asia and Central Asia and the Caucasus. On the other hand, Iran has, more than ever, been cooperating with the Russians over the past decade due to establishing a common point with Russia in pursuit of its ideological and national security strategies. From the point of view of analyzes based on the realist approach in international relations, the close proximity of political relations between the two countries can be interpreted in the need for a balance of power or a common threat from the United States. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran is trying to maintain its regional strength against Saudi Arabia and Turkey in the southwest of Asia. The convergence of common goals in regional issues between Iran and Russia has made the two countries more closely aligned with each other. Although Russia has had a double cooperation with Iran to fight ISIS and to prevent the influence of this Takfiri terrorist group on its borders and geostrategic territories (which are considered as geopolitical interests), its main goal to expand its hegemony globally and rival NATO and leave it out of the geostrategic bottleneck in the world make Russia to work together with Iran in various ways. From the analysis of various aspects of Iran-Russia foreign relations can conclude that the Russian federative republic is a tactical ally and can be regarded as an ugly attitude in the field of foreign relations. Russia pursues its own interests, regardless of Iran's interests.
Mohammad Reza Mofatteh; Abdolreza Faraji Rad; Ribaz Ghorbaninejad; Azam Yousefi
Abstract
Diplomacy is the most important aspects and the most objective forms of a country's foreign policy. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive, analytical and exploratory in terms of research method. This study uses ARC GIS software to implement the leveling of national power in the ...
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Diplomacy is the most important aspects and the most objective forms of a country's foreign policy. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive, analytical and exploratory in terms of research method. This study uses ARC GIS software to implement the leveling of national power in the target countries (in the GIS environment). It also uses the AHP model to weight the sub-components of public diplomacy. Also, in this study Moran's test has been used to spatially analyze the pattern of distribution of national power indicators, and also the Meta-SWOT method has been used to provide a stable spatial pattern, and 36 sub-components (indices) has been used for the spatial analysis and stratification of Southwest Asian countries based on the public diplomacy component. The findings shows the fact that the countries of Syria and Armenia have played a significant role in increasing the geopolitical weight of Iran and are very important, as well as the countries of Iraq and Georgia are in a position of high importance, and the countries of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Qatar are in a position of medium importance. The UAE, Kuwait, Jordan and Cyprus are in a low-important position. According to the analysis, the results show the fact that the component of public diplomacy follows a cluster pattern. The similar political behavior of the Persian Gulf countries in relation to Iran is one of the geopolitical reasons for this cluster distribution. By strengthening this axis (public diplomacy) the countries of Lebanon, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Turkey and Qatar can also be added to the list of very important countries and by forming a very strong cluster consisting of the mentioned countries can help to increase the role of the political power of Iran in the region. According to conducted research, the application of economic sanctions has been identified as the biggest challenges and obstacles to the application of regional policies of Iran. Placement in the security environment of Southwest Asia region and the sanctions on Iran's monetary and banking system are considered as the biggest environmental, economic and legal obstacles that require attention due to the size and the degree of influence of each.
Mohsen Azizzadehtasouj; zahra Ahmady; Mohammad Reza Hafeznia; Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Sajad Pour
Abstract
Geopolitics, throughout its history, has been associated with concepts such as war, competition and power; according to the traditional geopolitics, governments in the past were seeking territory; land management and gaining power. So the traditional geopolitics expressed the views of the powerful states ...
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Geopolitics, throughout its history, has been associated with concepts such as war, competition and power; according to the traditional geopolitics, governments in the past were seeking territory; land management and gaining power. So the traditional geopolitics expressed the views of the powerful states about the world. However, the developments in different fields gave rise to new topics in the field of geopolitical study. The dominant thought on the structures and international system in contemporary times with the emergence and manifestation of new material and spiritual priorities such as: humanity's need to live in an atmosphere of peace, the importance of taking steps towards development and human dignity has prevailed over the prevention of armed conflicts and the reduction of violence caused by war. The scientific study and investigation of the method of establishing objectification methods for such a purpose is one of the basic foundations of the concept of geopolitics today. This article tries to explain the geopolitical process of peace. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The findings of the research show the formation of new regional identities, the regional security, social development, the structures and functions of international institutions, the dominance of the global peace and justice discourse, the global fight against terrorism, humanitarian interventions, the observance of human rights and international law, the expansion of international dialogues, de-escalation and confidence-building between countries, regions and the world are increasing in such a way that in a humanistic approach, the reduction of human suffering is considered as one of the most important benefits of geopolitics of peace in the geographical space.
Mohamad Ghasemi; Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh; Behzad Moeini sam; Shokouhossadat Arabihashemi
Abstract
Having established the Achaemenian Empire by Cyrus the Great in southwestern Iran, the Persians managed to found the most vigorous government which had been established by that time and defeated most of the civilizations of ancient western Asia. The triumph of Egypt was one of Cyrus’ aims and his ...
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Having established the Achaemenian Empire by Cyrus the Great in southwestern Iran, the Persians managed to found the most vigorous government which had been established by that time and defeated most of the civilizations of ancient western Asia. The triumph of Egypt was one of Cyrus’ aims and his son, Cambyses, succeeded in conquering Egypt. Cambyses successor, Darius the Great began to do some political, cultural, economic, and religious proceedings to supervise the satrapies, especially in Egypt. These actions cause the Egyptian texts to entitle him as a great and legitimate legislator. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Political proceedings of Darius the Great, and the fact that the Darius’ Policies evaluate in the Egypt Satrapy to find the Darius political actions in managing of Satrapy. The research method is based on the adaptation of existing sources, old and new, about Dariush's policy and his political and civil reforms for the administration of Egypt, which has been addressed in a descriptive-analytical manner. Based on these documents, one of the stability factors of the political geography of Egypt during Darius time was the implemented policies and his political genius, which made the Persian period one of the historical periods of Egypt. It seems that Darius I dealt the customs, traditions and beliefs of the Egyptian people with tolerance and it led to the development and progress of Egypt in various fields. Also, Darius I managed the land by using native forces along with the Persian commanders and provided the means for the growth and excellence of the economy and culture there.
Ali Valigholizadeh; Mohammad Yuosefi Shatoori
Abstract
During the last few decades, formation of the center-periphery model in the structure of political divisions in Iran has caused the marginal regions of the country experience spatial, political and social rupture other regions of the country along with the intensification of deprivation and underdevelopment. ...
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During the last few decades, formation of the center-periphery model in the structure of political divisions in Iran has caused the marginal regions of the country experience spatial, political and social rupture other regions of the country along with the intensification of deprivation and underdevelopment. . Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the main problems of administrative-territorial divisions in contemporary Iran focused on the influence of the simple governance system. In other words, this research discusses the most important problems affected by the centralized simple governance structure for the administrative-territorial divisions and organizations of the country. According to the results of this research, the most important problems of administrative-territorial divisions and organizations in contemporary Iran are ignorance of spatial-geographical justice, weak formation of national development, penetration of informal factors, weakness of formation of appropriate administrative-management structure, weakness of formation of national solidarity and structural unity and geographical homogeneity, extreme political-spatial centralism in the center and weak attention to geographic-human qualitative criteria. This research is practical in terms of purpose and tries to present an efficient model of territorial-administrative divisions and organizations for the country in a descriptive-analytical method. According to the results of this research, it seems that the "decentralized or simple regional governance-territorial model" is more compatible with Iran's natural and human conditions and can solve the problems of Iran's current political divisions.
