morad kavianirad; yadollah azarkhah; abdolmahdi shaykhiyani
Abstract
1. Introduction
From cultural and land point of view, national heterogeneity is the characteristic of many countries. So that the vast majority of countries are facing regionalism based on their width and number of population which sometimes they challenge the legitimacy of the government. Because of ...
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1. Introduction
From cultural and land point of view, national heterogeneity is the characteristic of many countries. So that the vast majority of countries are facing regionalism based on their width and number of population which sometimes they challenge the legitimacy of the government. Because of its special geographical situation, Iran has been the dwelling of people with various language and ethnicity during its the history. For this reason, the interaction among these groups of various cultures and identities has created a multiple culture. It is also is influenced by political and thought changes of Indian subcontinents and the crisis situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan so that there have been some regionalism cases which finally resulted in terror activities and security challenges in Sistan and Baluchestan in the recent decade. Baluchstan region as a part of Sistan and Baluchistan province has faced a series of regionalism in the recent decade due to the following reasons: its religion distinction, its geographical distance from the central government, its neighborhood with the two poor and war torn countries Afghanistan and Pakistan, its neighborhood with the main center of opium planting in the world, its location in the main path of trafficking narcotic substances, the ethnic integrity of Baluchs in three countries which are Iran, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan which have spread interactions, its poverty and economic deprivation compared with other regions of the country, its tribal format, natural difficulties and the activity of terrorist ideological groups.
2. Theoretical Framework
The residents of various geographical regions are influenced by various geographical scales (local, national, regional, global, and geographical) due to the development of technologies, media, the increasing of people’s knowledge and access to the required infrastructures. These mutual influences between regions and people have challenged the ability of governments to manage the national and land integrity of the country. So, political geography tried to explain the mentioned impacts on national and land integrity under the framework of regionalism. Undoubtedly, the emergence of regionalism is rooted in the areas which have been influenced by local-global geographical scales. Therefore, analysis of regionalism phenomenon requires finding out the consequences of geographical scales on the development of regionalism phenomenon.
3. Methodology
This research is typically an applied one and its methodology is descriptive and analytic. The researcher tried to find out and explain the impact of geographical scales on the formation of regionalism phenomenon in South East of Iran and tried to present a true and ideal analysis of regionalism phenomenon in this area through gathering and studying data in the library, internet data bases, and through conducting interviews.
4. Findings and Discussion
The results of the research showed that regionalism formation in Baluchistan is affected by various geographical scales which have played a role in the formation of this phenomenon in this region. So, the following reasons have caused religious regionalism formation in this part of the country in different scales: ideological and financial supports of neighboring countries through media tools, some restrictions on full political and social participation, inefficiency of distribution system, contradiction of regional identity interests, the distance, and religion heterogeneity.
Keyword: Geographical scale, Region, Regionalism, Iran, Baluchistan
Ali Valigholizadeh; Turan kheyri
Abstract
1. Introduction
In the current situation Urban management is the focus of the plan is realistic that Iranian Political geography plays an important role in its formation The same principle Urban management in Iran is not defined not by the goal-oriented, but on the issue of extremism In this connection ...
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1. Introduction
In the current situation Urban management is the focus of the plan is realistic that Iranian Political geography plays an important role in its formation The same principle Urban management in Iran is not defined not by the goal-oriented, but on the issue of extremism In this connection , The current situation in Iran Cities have been experiencing problems due to social performance - especially in large-scale economic Which if not taken measures aimed to overcome them It will become a systemic crisis of socio-economic space iren Now According to what was discussed, And by taking the urban management deemed to be, Political and economic environment of the nature of the visual embodiment of Land Manage mentIn principle, such as land management system, focusing mostly on Iran, especially in the modern era and at the same time Complex nation-states And of course, this system has created complex challenges and constraints i And is unable administrative approach them n how to manage cities in Iran At the moment This issue has been faced with the problem of content In this study, the question is: Due to the nature of the political system of administrative centralization in Iran At the moment Management system in Iran is facing?
2. Theoretical
In a centralized system, decisions taken in the context of the entire work of the political-administrative unit and runs through the center of the political center located in the capital - this case is concentrated in the central institutions, the power of authority decisions taken office, several factors cause the government to focus on including illiteracy, Mental retardation, people are not familiar with social rights and duties and the stationing of a repressive government. Alexis de Tocqueville believes there are two types of centralized system that includes the "concentration rule" and "administrative focus." Decentralize the manner in which national affairs are conducted by central agencies and local affairs by local organizations These organizations are at different points outside the central organization of local organizations pales in comparison with national organizations and central These constraints include organizational aspects, technical expertise and geographical factors that are necessary in decentralization include: the level of economic development, size of the country and the third negative aspects: an internal crisis caused by local tensions With central government
Urban Management In 1976, along with concepts such as Healthy City project, was sustainable urban development as urban management program This means that the introduction of the concept of centralized management to decentralized management moves Urban management in the sense that a livable environment for all with social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability Urban management to all institutions, organizations and individuals said to be the official and non-official municipal legislative process Urban management is not just the mayor and council in this area is any element that is effective in the process of urban management The difference between theory and practice is not content to be just a theoretical But also reflects two entirely different issues City planners and managers encounter with them A system issues such as land use, neighborhood and other issues That is relevant to planners In his view, these issues are more fundamental and more important issues Which are considered as issues of content planning As long as these issues are not solved somehow Even the purest theory content will be scored (Burke Poor, 1381: 84). The challenges of content: uncontrolled growth of cities, irregularity in land useNon-implementation of welfare programs and development issues in municipalities throughout the country and the emergence of worn out tissues, , Made a face of the city and the emergence of old ones And the expansion of the neighborhoods that have been formed without Samankh without expertise, (Rajab Pour cheshmeh Gaz, 93: 3) And the expansion of the neighborhoods that have been formed without Samankh without expertise, (Rajab Pour Springs Gaz, 93: 3) Problems such as informal settlements, the expansion of the informal sector, inadequate urban services, Also in this category are located. Municipalities are classified from the perspective of the issues and problems
Procedural challenges: Refer to the method, manner and processes affecting the management of urban form And include comparisons or political-spatial segregation, how to adapt the functional and organizational scope These are problems that are related to the planning and management of the city, although the problems are intangible and invisible But they are more important and more fundamental issues of content and clear city, because they are causing or exacerbating substantive issues. Cities institutional weakness, isolation and segregation of the various parts of the city and lack of motivation and initiative in bringing about fundamental transformations in the city Resistance to change and improper relationship between local government and urban management, Among these challenges are Any radical change in the city And reducing its thematic issues Is subject to major reforms in approaches to planning and urban management system (Brk Por, 1381: 84).
3. Research Methodology
The main method used in this research is descriptive analysis with respect to its theoretical nature, And this paper is studied. Data were collected using library
4. Results and discussion
In today's world Each state uses In the finance department, Regional and Local Of a type of system and management model One of them is a centralized management model This model is common in most Third World countries. Has been affected. Western capitalism and the state system of pseudo-modernism In this regard, Iran also is an office within the centralized model because of changes in the past century The model has created a profound impact politically - administrative planning in the areas of economic, social, cultural, and urban in Iran In between Urban management and urban planning models are not affected and influenced deeply, from the System Urban management is one of the new concepts in the field of urban planning At the same time arises, with titles like the popular integrated partnership Refers to all institutions and organizations to formally and informally in the planning process and management of the city legislature And its purpose is to create healthy and livable environment for all with social justice Nature was the definition of urban management The company all governmental and nongovernmental organizations and people in the process of urban planning And exposure the definition in the context of centralized management And apply to downstream systems Without people interfere in the affairs In other words, planning takes place from top to bottom That is, without recognizing the ability of local resources, Without people interfere in the affairs In other words, planning takes place, from top to bottom That is, without recognizing the ability of local resources Naturally, there will be many problems. In the field of urban management in terms of management procedures (procedural problems) and in terms of the problems in the city (content problems) So planning and management is structurally lacking in social fields - political And development locations in action Is a tool in the hands of the government and focused on national dimensions, material and construction In this structure, Instead of development planning and management is the main obstacle to development so Efforts should be made Has done the right conditions for full participation to decentralization Necessary to meet these demands, the challenge Is a change in attitude as to strengthen local governance in urban management structure And public participation and integrated management Change the structure of a power-sharing system from top to bottom and from bottom to top To find any level. Development and planned individually according to their talents and limitations What takes place in the affairs of the attention and emphasis Nowadays And is presented as a paradigm in the management of cities Taking advantage of good urban governance where in Government, citizens and private entities ،They engage in a process of horizontal and multi- sectoral
mohammad soleimani; mohammadreza hafeznia; morteza ghorchi; Hossein mohammadian
Abstract
1. Introduction
By the passage of the industrial revolution and entrance to the post-industrial era, the change and variety in the functions of capitalistic powers, ICT revolution, and the speeding up of globalization after the 1960s have brought about renewal of the operational, spatial, and managerial ...
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1. Introduction
By the passage of the industrial revolution and entrance to the post-industrial era, the change and variety in the functions of capitalistic powers, ICT revolution, and the speeding up of globalization after the 1960s have brought about renewal of the operational, spatial, and managerial structures of cities. In line with the mentioned changes, the structural changes resulted from globalization, diminish the role of government-nation, from meaningful economic players or units to mediators facilitating “local” and “universal” relationships, and lead to the appearance of new universal players and powers, called local governments. This is the basis of the development of city roles in the new universal geography and their influence on the urban currents and hierarchies in the world. In such situations, the governments’ (federal and local) strategies and plans for achieving an appropriate standing and the city role shave exceeded local levels and attained universal positions. Attaining appropriate standing in universal urban networks relies on meeting required standards in their various components. The present study explains the globalization of metropolis local government, while emphasizing the role of urban infrastructures.
2. Methodology
The present study is carried out theoretically based on the descriptive-analytic method. The purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical framework of urban infrastructure roles in the globalization of metropolis through the agency of metropolis local government. Therefore, we reviewed the literature related to the globalization and the urban globalization processes, and the comparison between metropolis infrastructures and universal cities. Also the role of urban infrastructures in the globalization processes of cities, the relationship between the importance of urban infrastructures and urban development, and the facilitated process of city globalization, besides the role of local government as the regulator of local spaces and the major factor in local development was investigated.
3. Discussion
Appropriate infrastructure, facilities and equipment are among the requirements of the realization of urban growth and development. Urban infrastructures, which are one of the strongest symbols and representations of the material culture or the material dimension of the universalized local government’s urban structure, contain a broad range from big airports with aerial functions, advanced transportation networks, advanced information-communication infrastructures (telecommunication, Internet), cultural and educational centers with universal reputation, and professional sport infrastructures to architectural works with universal brands. From the perspective of the geographers, one of the most interesting consequences of infrastructure equipment is the distance developed between sectors, urban areas, and the public; on the other hand,, distance reduction and diminished local dimension as the products of a spectrum of social-spatial evolutions resulting from scientific and technical advances (from phone to Internet) have been realized. Therefore, the study and investigation of infrastructures that lead to decreased distances and temporal and local jams are of great importance to most of geographers. These studies are indicative of the appearance of a new stage of globalization and enhanced integration among countries due to increased temporal-local jams. To achieve the focal business status in the regional multinational centers, the universal local governments actively entered into a new course of urban infrastructure developments. In its new course, the infrastructure development contained telecommunication (telematics) development and the communication in the form of communicative establishments and transportation.
4. Conclusion
Local governments as the regulators of local spaces with special local services play their roles at local and transnational levels for the purpose of development, control, and regulation of geographical, social, and economic development of local regions. As the most important political-official players, they shape the form and content of cities at local, national, and transnational scales. Therefore, the local development emphasizes the advanced urban infrastructures such as big airports with aerial functions, advanced transportation networks, advanced information-communication infrastructures (telecommunication, Internet),cultural and educational centers with universal reputation, professional sport infrastructures, and creation of architectural works with universal brands. Moreover, achievement of required standards for realization of universal processes and the value of universal city is an essential duty of local governments in the current age; this results in the integration of cities in different continents within the communicative networks of universal cities, and confirms the role of the hierarchical complex of infrastructural networks in the integrations and national and physical relationships at transnational scales.
mohsen janparvar; reyhaneh salehabadi; Mojgan Salehabadi
Abstract
1. Introduction
Cities are geographic phenomenon that always leads major developments in human history. They are not only interacting with their local hinterland, but also interacting with other cities in economic and social fields. With increasing developments in recent decades in different areas, ...
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1. Introduction
Cities are geographic phenomenon that always leads major developments in human history. They are not only interacting with their local hinterland, but also interacting with other cities in economic and social fields. With increasing developments in recent decades in different areas, more placements for cities and geographical studies have been provided again. Among the reasons that caused the cities find their prominent position in the study of geography and on the other hand political geography studies again, the issues from increased presence and movement of the population that living in urban areas with rapid development of urbanization in recent decades and high density of population in cities that caused complexity and interaction in urban spaces and change way of living and life in that settlements that do not match with human nature are so important. This is creating some abnormalities and damage social, cultural, security and other modern cities and provided difficulties for living in these cities and management of this space. To reduce this problem, several solutions have been suggested and implemented by experts. But the strategy of this article is to create understanding among citizenship borders, Privacies and limits of the city that not discuss yet.
2. Theoretical Framework
Borders are imaginary lines around human beings that represent the area of governance, ownership and competence of individuals, groups and countries in higher levels.
Privacy: the distance between the individual space beyond the borders of individual, group and national create unsafe feeling for person, group or country.
City: The physical limit of the city and future development in the master plan.
3. Methodology
This article is based on descriptive and analytical method and library data, try to describe conceptualization and recognition of border, Privacy and limit in city and variety of them.
4. Results & Discussion
The recognition of borders, privacies and limits in the city can produce relax, reducing burden, administration and management of relevant institutions in high level. Accordingly, for understanding better some borders, privacies and limits in the cities the first step is recognize of them. The note that we emphasize it is the difference between the concepts of borders, privacies and limits. Although it is difficult to articulate the difference between these concepts, but it can be said, the notion of borders is including the sovereignty, jurisdiction and ownership. The border areas with the rule, authority and ownership are absolute and unchangeable. But the concepts of privacy and sovereignty, ownership and relative merits are subject to change. The borders, privacies and limits are ranging below.
The first part of border is: personal borders, borders of rooms in the apartment, borders of apartment in the buildings, building in the city, taxes and municipals borders, the borders of city
Second part: privacy in the city as a whole include: personal privacy, private privacy, privacy space, privacy of home, privacy of the traditional and modern architecture, privacy of neighborhood, privacy of city.
Third part: the area in the city as a whole include: city limits, local limit, regional limit, influence are of city.
5. Conclusions
The result of this study indicate that the concept borders, privacies and limits in the city are closely related to each other and they differ from each other in ownership, governance and authority at least in two items and the concept of privacy of ownership, sovereignty and jurisdiction form relatively, however interaction of people to it is intensive, but the sense of ownership, sovereignty and jurisdiction is largely faded. However, identifying and clarifying this topics and issues in cities indicated that complexity in city cause human life under borders, Privacies and limits form and organized. This border, Privacy and limit were between human long times ago so that difference among them caused challenges and wars. Today, due to the phenomenon of globalization differences reduced, not only borders, Privacies and limits are stable, but also in urban area according to recognize of people of their rights it become highlighted. Studies showed that borders, Privacies and limits play a significant role in the life of our communities. Their position in relationship and interaction with others and how we use this space and manage this space can regulate our life. So, creating true understanding of borders, Privacies and limits in city can complex contemporary life highly in a community that is complex and non-systematic considerably and secure the welfare sector.
omran rasti; ali ashrafi
Abstract
1. Introduction
Seas and oceans comprise over 70 percent of the planet earth always taken into attention in the history. However, the most important official and legal actions to regularize a number of claims made by coastal countries regarding the demand of the territorial and marine control and exclusive ...
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1. Introduction
Seas and oceans comprise over 70 percent of the planet earth always taken into attention in the history. However, the most important official and legal actions to regularize a number of claims made by coastal countries regarding the demand of the territorial and marine control and exclusive ownership date the 20th century. The first conference on marine international law was held in Hague in 1930. The last convention on marine international law is the convention of marine law in 1982 applied by joining a significant number of countries. The subsequent and influenced coastal countries from such international conferences and conventions decided to approve the marine areas regulations, and define and confine the marine borders and continental shelf, etc. Between the aqueous area of the south of Iran, territoriality, definition and confinement of the marine borders and continental shelf in Persian Gulf have been noted more than Gulf of Oman, and even there is lack of research on territoriality in Gulf of Oman. Gulf of Oman has a significant strategic importance for our country due to its direct connection with the open water and Indian Ocean, and being out of the Strait of Hormuz. In this regard, the ports at the coast of Gulf of Oman can play an important commercial and transit role for the east of the country, national economy and even the neighboring landlocked countries.
2. Methodology
Through descriptive- analytical methods and by using legal documents submitted to the United Nations, this paper tries to examine territoriality in Gulf of Oman and draw the map by ARCGIS software. This study seeks to review the regulations of marine areas, the territoriality process of the coastal countries in Gulf of Oman, depicting the defined and confined borders on the map and using the middle line method in the non-demarcated areas by the descriptive analytic approach and using the marine documents and regulations and cartographical analysis and depicts the marine territories of the coastal countries in Gulf of Oman, and calculates different marine areas in each of four coastal countries.
3. Result and discussion
The sea has always had a significant importance due to its resources and benefits, and its importance is getting more prominent by recognizing and technological developments that has made the utilization of the seabed resources possible. The sea has military, geopolitical and strategic importance and Mahan, in his geopolitical theory, introduces the sea and strong marine forces as the source of power. Today assessors in the national powers of the countries consider the accessibility to the seas as one of the sources of powers for countries. The significance of the seas and the conflicts of countries benefits in the seas gradually guided them to regularize the ownership claims and territoriality in the seas. Hence, a number of conferences and conventions were held regarding the seas rights and various regulations were legislated, the last of which is the seas law convention in 1982. In Iran, territoriality in Persian Gulf has been more noteworthy than any other place, so that we can say the territoriality in Gulf of Oman is influenced by the territoriality in Persian Gulf, so that there is lack of research in this area. Iran, Oman, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates are four coastal countries around Gulf of Oman. This paper aims to review the process of coastal countries territoriality in Gulf of Oman. In papers and books published so far, attention has been taken to Persian Gulf, especially to the legal status of Iran to Persian Gulf. Hence, little studies have been done on the process of territoriality in Gulf of Oman and defining it on the map. This paper tries to cover this issue. The process of coastal countries territoriality in Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf dates legally and officially from the codification viewpoint to the years after holding the first conference on seas rights in Hague in 1930, so that the first law on the delimitation of coastal waters and supervision area determined in 1934.
Table of Claims to Maritime jurisdiction(Coastal Countries in Gulf of Oman)
Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone Contiguous Zone Territorial Sea Does the legislation provide for straight baselines UNCLOS Ratification Accession Date, STATE
DLM DLM 24nm 12nm Yes No Iran
CM/200 200nm 24nm 12nm Yes 17/08/1989 Oman
CM/200 200nm 24nm 12nm Yes 26/02/1997 Pakistan
CM/200 200nm 24nm 12nm In Persian Gulf: Yes
In Gulf of Oman: No No United Arab Emirates
CM: Continental Margin. Outer edge of the continental margin, or to 200 nautical miles where the outer edge does not extend up to that distance.
DML: Delimitation. The symbol DLM is used when national legislation establishes the limits of a given zone by reference to the delimitation of maritime
boundaries with adjacent or opposite States (or to a median (equidistant) line in the absence of a maritime boundary delimitation agreement).
Sources:
• Table of Claims to Maritime jurisdiction (as at 15 julay 2011) ؛
• Table recapitulating the status of the Convention and of the related Agreements, as at 10 October 2014
4. Conclusion
The results of cartographical and computational analysis show that in Gulf of Oman, the whole boundaries of which are among the exclusive - economic areas, Iran and Oman having the most marine territories and Pakistan having the least coastal areas, have the minimum share of marine territories in Gulf of Oman. The results also indicate that the process of territoriality and border confinement in Gulf of Oman have been a slow process, so that only segments were defined and confined out of 14 marine border segments and the continental shelf. Therefore, we can say that the slow process and lack of enough attention by coastal countries towards delimitation in Gulf of Oman is influenced by some of the geographical and economic factors and of course by the process of Persian Gulf territoriality.
narges hajipanah; Seyed Hadi Zarghani; Omid Ali Kharazmi
Abstract
1. Introduction
Nowadays in most of the countries in the world there is a growing trend towards decentralization and development of local governments. One of the most cited reasons for this issue is the fact that most of the countries apply the decentralization process as a method for enhancing the ...
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1. Introduction
Nowadays in most of the countries in the world there is a growing trend towards decentralization and development of local governments. One of the most cited reasons for this issue is the fact that most of the countries apply the decentralization process as a method for enhancing the performance of public sectors and the economic development in as much as the central government without local governments faced a challenge in making relationships with the citizens. Due to the increasing expansion and variations in the duties of governments on the one hand and the increasing demands of cooperation on the part of people and private institutions, on the other hand, the governments are forced to see the political and managerial decentralization as an important and effective strategy and to reconsider the spatial pattern of power distribution in the country. The factors and grounds for the formation of local government consist of general substructures like geographical, political-legal, sociocultural and economic-financial factors. For constructing each of these substructures, there are a host of different factors which require a comprehensive analysis. The fact is that local government has been currently turned into an indispensable necessity in the world and a country like Iran, which has a centralized structure, is no exception. The present study, based on the systemic thinking approach, has explored the influential factors in the formation of local government in Iran and the main focus is on identifying and exploring economic-financial aspects. It also attempts to indicate and present the role and relationship of economic-financial factors, as one of the most important and influential components in the formation of local governments, in the form of a model based on the systemic thinking approach and by using Vensim software.
2. Theoretical framework
The increasing growth of public-oriented local institutions and their necessary function in the management of general affairs of the country have led to the consideration and emphasis of local orientations. In the implementation of local government, each country, based on its political, economic, cultural, geographic and demographic requirements, must organize the aspects of local government and enhance the efficiency of management in the local governments. In a more precise term, local governments must be formed and developed based on their own specific and unique strategic patterns. According to the ideas of scholars, the most important and influential factors in the formation and establishment of local governments can be categorized into four main categories: geographic, economic-financial, political-legal and sociocultural factors. The present study explores and identifies the effective economic-financial factors in the formation of local government based on the systemic thinking approach. The systemic thinking is a powerful method in dealing with the highly complex managerial issues. Nowadays, the dominant attitude in the management of organizations is the systemic thinking and this method is especially applied in the regional and urban planning. Based on this method and in the framework of the present study, we can describe and explain the mutual and multiple relations of economic-financial factors with each other and with the whole system. For example, the reduction of dominance of central government on economic affairs can lead to an increase in the responsibility and decrease of corruption which in turn can lead to more efficiency in the performance of public sectors and economic growth. Therefore, it can be asserted that with the formation of local government, the extent of economic power of central government becomes moderate and the accountability increases. In addition, the amount of economic corruption reduces and a condition can be provided for economic growth and efficiency of public sectors. In such a thinking, as the influence and impact of an element become high in a system, such an element must be considered as a more influential and critical element in the system. The change in this element can also affect the whole system.
3. Methodology
The present study analyzes and explores the role of economic-financial factors in the formation of local government in Iran based on the systemic thinking method. In fact, it is an applied research in terms of results and an exploratory one in terms of objectives. The main objective of the study is identifying and prioritizing the effective economic-financial factors and their relationships in the formation of local government. In addition, the existing challenges in this aspect are analyzed and these influential factors are presented and explained in the form of a model by using Vensim software. The necessary data are collected using library and field-based approaches and in the latter case the use is made of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative phase, the sample of study are forty scholars of local government and in the qualitative phase seven of these scholars are selected for interview using the snowball sampling method. In order to identity the extent of effects of economic-financial factors in the formation of local government in Iran and to prioritize the extent of effect of each relevant factors, the researchers used independent-samples t-test and Friedman test, respectively. In order to draw and design the causal diagrams based on the systemic thinking method, the Vensim software was utilized.
4. results& discussion
In spite of the fact that economic and financial centralization has some revenues, it has some disadvantages like lower general/public supervision, higher grounds for corruption, reduction in accountability and weaknesses in economic efficiency. Therefore, financial decentralization is the pivotal solution which, from 1980s, has been welcomed by many countries as a developing strategy. In the present era, the role, function and responsibility of local governments for providing services and substructures have been increased to a great extent. Nevertheless, the local institutions and organizations are still dependent on the central government for the provision of financial resources and these resources are both inadequate and unpredictable. Therefore, the analysis and recognition of the role of economic-financial factors in the formation of local governments, because of their important and substantial role for such a purpose, are highly important. In the present study, the influential role of these factors in the formation of local government were explored and the field study findings with regard to the effective role of each of these factors and their relationship with each other and the whole system were presented in the form of a model. Therefore, by studying the literature on the issue of concern and by considering the theoretical principles the important factors like “reduction of political patronage of the local government on financial affairs, preference of qualitative growth to quantitative development, possibility of more precise reception of taxes from people, high economic centralization and the resulting disadvantages, reduction in bribery and corruption rate, reduction in the expenses of central government, decentralization as an effective tool for increasing the efficiency of public sector and economic growth” were extracted. In addition, the results of interviews add other factors like “oil income of Iran” to the identified factors. On the whole, the above mentioned factors, from the viewpoints of scholars and based on library and field-based studies, were identified as the main factors in the formation of local government in Iran in the economic-financial domain.
5. conclusions & suggesyions
After recognizing the min influential factors in the economic-financial domain, the extent of effects and functions of these factors was designed in form of a model using the Vensim software. The results of this study revealed that factors like the dominance of central government over economy, increase in the efficiency of public sector, economic growth and preference of qualitative growth over the quantitative one are among the main and critical elements in the system and, thus, have a higher degree of influence compared to the other variables. In addition, the findings of study indicated that among the identified economic-financial factors, the issues like the increase in the efficiency of public sector and economic growth, economic centralization and its disadvantages and the expenses of central government have priority over the other factors in terms of their degree of influence.
Atefe Golfeshan; Mahmood Vasegh
Abstract
1. Introduction
According to many experts, a new approach to the concept of power in the context of modern thought begins with the views of Thomas Hobbes. In a common thought, Hobbes is known as the original designer of modern political thought in the field of power, because before his works, a few ...
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1. Introduction
According to many experts, a new approach to the concept of power in the context of modern thought begins with the views of Thomas Hobbes. In a common thought, Hobbes is known as the original designer of modern political thought in the field of power, because before his works, a few writing in the technical areas of philosophy –in areas of epistemology, ontology, physics and ethics -were written. He designed "political science" literally by using the modern scientific methodology, and with putting center of the "power" in the realm of politics, he deal with this question that how can influence in the power’s matter and know that? Unlike previous philosophers, his concern wasn't about how the power should be. One of the reasons that caused the attention of scholars and political geographers to his works is the concept of power. The word of power is important in geopolitics and actually the geopolitics is called the science of power. Hobbes in his theory paid attention to this word and with his vision and ideas tried to introduce this concept and how it functions. It might be our era’s crisis that causes our closeness to Hobbes’. This closeness is due to Common points that is placed between our needs and Hobbes’ knowledge. We need to understand the phenomena of our environment and our understanding of what is experimental and non- experimental; we are inevitably drawn towards Hobbes . We also want to possess instruments of power and influence for stable security. His look is very important to political geography and geopolitics, because of his works about power.With this introduction, in this paper we paid to review of the philosophical foundations of Hobbes's thought and its impact on geopolitics.
2. Methodology
In this study, we have tried to review and explain the philosophical thought of Thomas Hobbes. His thoughts influence on topics of political geography. We have used from works of Hobbes to collect information about the effects of his philosophical opinions on the thoughts and topics of political geography. For the analysis of data we have also used analytic – descriptive method.
3. Results & Discussion
Hobbes can beregarded as the first thinker who tried to bring politics in to ascience. He used experimental method in this regard .He took a mathematical and empirical approach to analysis ,human and social trends and policies which isn’t considered part of the natural sciences.
He implemented the empirical principles for politics. Hobbes unlike Aristotle and scholastic thinkers didn’t have a divine look to the government and people issues. He had a totally realistic and mechanical view on this matter. He believed in the equality of human beings. Passions and desires, they will do any thing to achieve, including eliminating the other people. In his view, achieving power is in the nature of all human beings for two purposes. The fear of losing assets by force or to gain more power. In other word, power is one of human’s desires for earning more power that enables him to stop others to take it away from him.
In fact , Hobbes had a pessimistic look tow a rdshumans, but some of them were the result of his time crisis which has already been discussed .In spite of his pessimistic view of human nature, he had a kind of rationalist view of man and his environment influenced by intellectual developments occurred during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Also, he believes that wisdom leads human to get rid of his natural state. From Hobbs’ perspective, the fear of death is driving force of wisdom which pushes human to create rules to have security and peace. Hobbes had scientific look to the existence of policy and related to pics such as, power, government, people and land which are the basic principles of the geopolitics .He considered these topics as the real issues and took them into account of science. Hobbes's categorized this knowledge as normative knowledge. Therefore, he used the scientific method to explain and review. To portray the man, power, society and the best form of government he used the Galileo’s methodology .According to Galileo, the complicated movements come from simple move ments’ interaction which are invisible but mainly responsible for the movement. Hobbes divided society and politics in to the small estparts then combined them after Simplifying. This method is used to understand phenomena.
Hobbes sees no difference between the methods of the natural sciences and the social sciences .His political philosophy is the sequence of natural philosophy . In this way, Hobbes’ method was more a positivistic approach and based on the observation. Although, one can say that in the field of analysis, it is also used from the
hypothetical deductive method (descriptive analysis).Hobbes used more of causal explanation to review and explain issues. He began explaining how human and human moralities are causes of formation of the government. In other words, from writer’s perspective, I think he knew the necessity of absolutism on effect of bad human nature and fear of each other and their need for peace and security. From the other view, his description was ultimate since there is always a causal explanation followed by an ultimate explanation. Hobbes ‘ultimate go al of forming a totalitarian government was to achieve peace and security for the people and avoid war, particularly the Civil War.
Hobbes in his Leviathan established his society based on respect for the individual and anthropocentric, concerned with the welfare of the community to know that every person has freedom of choice to choose their way of life. But on the other hand, Hobbes believed in a government that has full authority and thus can be taken all the liberties of the individual away from him. Hobbes had a holistic approach to see society and government and looked at the entire population of the metropolitan, but in the debate of man, he spoke of respect for the person and had minim al look to analyze phenomena such as war, and detected the basic principles of war.
Finally, he were more attributed to partial view due to his interest in the Galileo method (combine - analysis), and tried to found some principles for social pheno menaasempiricalp he no men a with breakdown of society and mankind to their smallest element. Then, after finding these principles, head a pted them to the whole community by using the logical reasoning. At this time, he saw the man and society as macro principles and gave so cial law to the who le community.
4. Conclusion
A society that Hobbes portrays and finally, he prescribes and recommends it to achieve human happiness is from his view of man and society of that day. Some of the gaps Hobbes created in ontological and epistemological foundations of political theory than classical political philosophy provide appropriate themes for the growth and formation of political philosophy of many scholars after him. Although, some believe that human society and social phenomena can’t be studied with scientific method like empirical phenomena, and stated principles and specific rules for them, because in contrast to empirical phenomena these phenomena are constantly changing; but, Hobbes could explain policy and society scientifically by using the scientific method and realistic and mechanical approach for the first time.
Though some of his words are doubtful and there are some dualities in, his philosophical thought and methodology had impact on so many thinkers after Hobbes and guided the m to the pursuit of science and policy issues related to power and security. Hobbes is mostly called as one of the defenders of authoritarianism and absolute state, and for his tendency to monopolize and centralize power and special priority that he gives to social order he is considered as a conservative. Although some of his principles are the same liberal principles.
This article will examine why Thomas Hobbes’ philosophical ideas are important, and his explicit and implicit references is to geopolitical issues like state, country, territory, population, management and political organization of space, national security, national management and political patterns and the optimal rate of population, territory and jurisdiction and the subjects of this that during the present paper an attempt has been made to be addressed to investigation and explanation of the foundations and roots of these issues in the philosophical ideas of Thomas Hobbes , and there by impact on philosophical thought on political geographers, particularly among followers of determinism, such as Mackinder and Ratzl and also geographers who follow systematical and spatial attitudes and show to the fans of positivistic approach.
