Designing a conceptual framework for the foundations of the political organization of space on a global scale

Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

Authors

Yashar Zaki ¹

Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf ²

Marjan Badiee Azandahi ¹

Seyed Rahmatallah Mousavifar ³

Seyyed Mohammad Moghimi ⁴

¹ Assistant Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

³ PhD student in Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

⁴ Professor of Public Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/pg.v6i1.80388

Abstract

Introduction: Geographic factors make the political organization of space geographically. Each factor at any geographical scale, due to the level of power and to the extent that it utilizes various instruments appropriate to the level of sovereignty and power, leads to the political organization of space. The global action circle represents the world's largest geographic scale. The question raised is how the global system, through which mechanisms and processes at the global level, makes political organization of space.
Methodology:  The research methodology of the present paper is based on the qualitative method and on the principles of analysis-explanation.
Result and discussion: The global system, through structural and non-structural elements, leads to the political organization of space. Power is the driving force behind the global system for achieving its goals. The global system creates and strengthens the structural power of institutions and organizations. Institutions and organizations produce the rules and norms they need globally. All political units are required to observe the laws and regulations of the world system and, in the event of non-compliance of political units and countries, these rules are faced with the violent power of global powers. Through discourse, global powers differentiate themselves from countries that they dislike for the global order and punish them through violent power or sanctions.
Conclusion: In the end, global powers, with the backing of institutions, laws, regulations, norms and production discourses, legitimize their actions on the global stage.

Keywords

Organizing space

structure

institutionalization

discourse

legislation

---

References

1. Afrugh, Emad, 2017, Space and Society: Urban Space and Social Inequality, Tehran: Science [In Persian].
2. Afzali, Rasoul and others. (2013) Geopolitical Discourse Analysis of the Modern State in the Political Management of space in Iran. International Journal of Geographic Society of Iran 11^th year, No, 93. [In Persian].
3. Agnew, J. (2005), Sovereignty regimes: territoriality and state authority in contemporary world politics, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2): 437461.
4. Agnew, Jhon and Cobridge. (1995), Mastering Space, New York, Routledge.
5. John. (1999). Geopolitics: re- visiong world Politics. London: Routledge.
6. Ahmadipour, Zahra, Mirashkarian, Yahya, Hokkard, Bernard (2014), Political organization of space, Geographical Quarterly, Environment, No. 12. [In Persian].
7. Ahmadypoor, Zahra and others. (2012). the political organization of space, National Geographical Organization Publication.
8. Atkinson, Dave, 2016, Cultural Geography: Critical Dictionary of Concepts, translated by Narges Khalesi Moghadam, Tehran: Tisa. [In Persian].
9. Bacervich, Andrew. (2002). American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of Us Diplomacy, Cambridge: Mass, Harvard University Press.
10. Barkin, S. (2016) International organization (Theories and institutions), Translators: Mostafa Entezar ahmahdi and Abdul Majid Saifi, Tehran: kavir. [In Persian].
11. Barkin, Samuel and DeSombre Elizabeth. (2000). Unilateralism and Multilateralism in International Fisheries Management, Global Governance 6: 339-360.
12. Barnett, Michael and Duvall, Raymond. (2005). Power in Internatinal Polities, Internatinal organization, Vol. 5a, No. 4.
13. Blacksell, Mark. (2010). Political Geography, Translation by: Mohammad Reza Hafeznia and others, Tehran: Entekhab Puplisher. . [In Persian].
14. Castells, M. (1984). Space and Society. London: Citis in Transformation.
15. Chwieroth, Jeffrey. (2003), a Capital Idea: The Role of Neoliberalism in Liberalization of Finance in Emerging Markets, (Ph. D Thesis, and University of California at Santa Barbara).
16. Clout, H. and Hall, P. (2003) Jean Gottmann 1915- 1994, P. Brit. Acad., 120-215.
17. Dehghani, Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal. (2008). Colonial Phoenix: Concepts and teccnologies of domination, Proceedings of the colonial conferences: Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. [In Persian].
18. DiMaggio, Paul J. (1983). State Expansion and Organization Fields. Pp. 147-161 in Organization Theory and Public Policy, edited by Richard H. Hall and Robert E. Quinn. Bevrly Hills, CA: Sage
19. Du Bois, Mare. (1991). the Governance of the Third World: A Foucauld; a Pers Pective on Power Relations in Development, Alternatives, and Vol. 16.
20. Norman, Norman. (1991). Language and Powwer, London and New York: Longman.
21. M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge, translated by A. M. Smith, New York.
22. Gardner, Richard. (1980). Sterling- Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective: The Origins and the Prospects of Our Internatinal Economic Order (New York: Columbia University Press).
23. Ghalibaf, Mohammadbagher and others. ( 2011). Oil revenues and distribution of political space power in Iran, Geoplitic Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 2. [In Persian].
24. Ghorchi, Morteza, 2019, Confused Iran in Network Economy, East newspaper, No 3437. [In Persian].
25. Giddens, A. (1990). New York: Polity Press.
26. Gottman, (1982). The Basic  Problem Of  Political  Geography: The Organization  Of  Space  And  The Search  For Stability, Tijdschrif voor economische en social geography, 73: 340-349. Politics: Insights and Evidence, J. David Singer(Ed), New York.
27. Hafezienia, Mohammad Reza; Ghalibaf, Mohammad Bagher (2001), Spatial Distribution Strategy of Political Power in Iran through Local Development, Quarterly Journal of Geographic Research, No. 16. . [In Persian].
28. Hafeznia, M. R, (2011); Principles and concepts of geopolitics, Mashhad: Papoli Publications [In Persian].
29. Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza. (2002). the strategy of spatial distribution of political power in Iran through the development of local institutions, Quarterly Geoplitical research, No. 186. [In Persian].
30. Harold, Koontz & others (1993); Principles of Management. Translated by Mohammad Ali Tousi & others. Tehran: State Management Training Center [in Persian].
31. Harvey, D. (1976). Social Justice in the City. Boltimore: Basil Blackwell.
32. Hatami Nezhad, Hossein & Shoorcheh, Mahmood, 2013, City and Critical Theory, Tehran: Parham. [In Persian].
33. Heywood Andrew. (2001). Politics, Translated: Abdul Rahman Alam and Lida Kavousi, Tehran: Ney Publishing. . [In Persian].
34. Holloway, L. And Hubbard, P. (2001), People and Place: The Extraordinary Geographies of Everyday Life. Harlow, Prentice- Hall.
35. Huntington, Saumel. (2002). The Clash of Civilization and the remaking of World Order. Simon and Schuster.
36. International Monetary Fund. (2001). Annuaal Report 2001(Washington, Dc: IMF,), Appendix VII.
37. Janeston, R. J. and others. (2003). Geographies of Global Change, Tehran: A. I. G. High Course of War. . [In Persian].
38. Jessop, B. (1990) Regulation theories in retrospect and prospect. Economy and Society, 19, 2, 153-216.
39. Jones, M. and Jones, R. and Woods, M. (2004). An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics, London and New York: Routledge.
40. Jones, Martin (2004) Regional spaces, spaces of regionalism: territory, insurgent politics and the English question. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.
41. Kaviani Rad, Morad and Azizi­ Kaveh, Ali, 2011, the role of spatial identity in the emergence of political action. Case Study, Tehran Revolution Square and Street, Journal of Applied Social Science Research, Vol. 17.No. 20, pp 151-167.
42. Kharazi, Raha, (2006); Cyber Diplomacy, Articles collection of Cyber Journalism, Tehran: The Science and Research Branch of the Islamic Azad University [In Persian].
43. Khashi,Gholam reza, 2011, Space Analysis as field Discourse, Iranian Social Studies Jounal, Fifth period, No, 2. [In Persian].
44. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space, Translated by Smith David Nicholson. Oxford: Blackwell.
45. Lefebvre, Henri, 2017, Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre, Editors, Gonardena and others, Translators. Afshin Khakbaz and Mohammad Fazeli, Tehran: Tisa Publication. [In Persian].
46. Malmberg, T. (1980) Human Territoriality. Vol. 11, Mouton, New York, 31-35.
47. Massey, D. 1998, Power – geometric and the politics of space- time, Hetner lecture, Departemant of geography, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg.
48. Mazrui, A. A. (1994) Global Apartheid: Structural and Overt, Alternatives vol. 19, No. 2.
49. Meyer, John W. (1983). Conclusion: Institutionalization and the Rationality of Formal Organizational Structure. Pp. 261-282 in Organizational Environments: Ritual and rationality, edited by John W. Meyer and W. Richard Scott. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
50. Meyer, John W. and Brian Rowan. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology 83: 340-63.
51. Mirheydar, Dorreh and Hamidinia, Hossain. (2006). Comparison of Geopolitics and international relations in terms of methodology and concepts. Tehran: Geopolitical Quarterly, No. 3. [In Persian].
52. Mirzaei, Khalil. (2016). Qualitative Reserarching, Tehran, Fuzhan. [In Persian].
53. Moradi, Eskandar and Afzali, Rasoul. (2013). new thoughts in Geopolitics, Tehran: Zaiton sabz Press.
54. Morgenthau, Hans, (2000); Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Translate to Persian: Homeyra Moshir zade, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press [In Persian].
55. Morgenthau, Hans. (1995); Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Translate to Persian: Homeyra Moshir zade, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press [In Persian].
56. Mossalanejad, Abbas. (2017). Institutionalism and Globalization, Tehran: University of Tehran press. [In Persian].
57. Mousavi Shahidi, Seyyed Mehdi, (2015), Political organization of space on a regional scale (case study: Persian Gulf region), Master's thesis for political geography by Dr. Marjan Badiei of Osandahi, University of Tehran, Faculty of Geography. [In Persian].
58. Mousavi zare, syed Javad, and others. (2018), Survey and analyze the position of science and technology in the realm of hard power, soft power and smart power, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol 13, No 3. [In Persian].
59. Murdoch, Jonathan, 2012, Post- Structuralist Geography: a guide to revolational space. Traslated by: Zahra Pishgahifard and Mosayeb GharehBeygi, Tehran: Zaiton sabz. [In Persian].
60. Murphy, A.B. (2000). Political organization of space in advanced placement human geograhphy. Journal of Geography, 99(3-4), 120-131.
61. Nabavi, Seyyed Abbass, (2009). Philosophy of power, Tehran, Samt. [In Persian].
62. Nossel, Suzanne, (2004); Smart Power, Foreign Affairs, Available at: foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-03-01/smart-power
63. Nye, Joseph S, (2004); Soft Power: The Means to Success in Wourld politics, New York: public Affairs.
64. Nye, Joseph S, (2008); Power in the Global information Age: From Realism to Globalization, New York: Routledge Press. . [In Persian].
65. Nye, Joseph, (2003); Soft Power, Translate to Persian: Mohammad Hoseyni Moghaddam, Rahbord Journal, Vol.10, No.29, pp.363-380 [In Persian].
66. OTuathail, G (2002), Theorizing Practical Geopolitical Reasoning: The Case of The United States, response to the War Bosnia, Political Geography.
67. OTuathail, G and Agnew, J (1992), Geopolitic and Discourse: Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in American Foreign Policy. Political Geography, 11(2), 190 e204.
68. Parsons, Talcott. (1951). the Social System. New York: Free Press.
69. Parsons, Talcott. (1956). A Sociological Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification. Pp. 92-129 in Class. Status. And Power: A Reader in Social Stratification, edited by Reinhard Bendix and Seymour M. Lipset. Glenco, IL: Free Press.
70. Pourmousavi, Moses & others, (2009), Political organization of cultural and functional areas in Iran, Geopolitical Quarterly, Fourth Year, No. 3. [In Persian].
71. Raffestin, Claude (2012) Space, territory, and territoriality; Environment and Planning: Society and Space, Volume 30, Pages 121-141.
72. Rezaeian, Ali. (2007). Foundations of Organization and Management, Samt Publications.
73. Rosen, Stephen. ( 2003). An Empire: If you can keep it, The National Interest, Spring
74. Russell, Bertrand, (1990). Power. Translation by: Najaf Darya Bandari, Tehran: Khrazmi Publishers. [In Persian].
75. Sack, R (1986) Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History; Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
76. Sack, R. (1980). Conceptions of Space in Social Thought A Geographic Perspective. London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press.
77. Scott, W. Richard and John W. Meyer, eds. (1994). Institutional Environment and Organizations: Structural Complexity and Individualism. Thosand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78. Shafiei, Massoumeh, Alikha. (2014). Space and power reproduction, study on gender segregation in Tehran, s Universities. Iranian Journal of cultural Research. Seventh period, No.1. [In Persian].
79. Shakoieh, Houssein, 2007, New Thought in the Philosophy of Geography, Vol.1, Ninth Edition, Institute of Geography and Cartography Geology. [In Persian].
80. Smelser, N. J & Baltes, P. B. (2001), Scale in Geography, (eds.) Internatinal Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
81. Soja, E. (1996), Third space. Oxford, Blackwell's.
82. Soja, Edward (1971) the political organization of Space, Published by Association of American Geographers.
83. Tajik, Mohammadreza. (2004). Disciurse, antydiscourse and politics, Tehran: Institute for Human sciences Reseach and Development. [In Persian].
84. Taylor, 1982, Political Geography of the Twentieth Century, London: Belhaven Press, P. 330.
85. Taylor, Alastair (1975). A systems approach to the political organization of space, Social Science Information, university of albera, published by sage pub. 14.7.
86. Vaezi, Mahmoud & Ahadi, Afsaneh, (2010), Public diplomacy and foreign policy, Vol.1, Tehran: Publications of Center for Strategic Research [In Persian].
87. Wallerstein, Emmanuel. (2007). the intergovernmental Structure of the new global system. Translated by: Alireza tayeb. Publications office of political and international studies. [In Persian].
88. Weber, Max. (1968). Economy and Society: An Interpretive Sociology, 3 Vols. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminister Press.
89. Wilson, Ernest J, (2008); Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power, The Annals Of the American Academy of political  and social science, 616;(March 2008). Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716207312618?journalCode=anna
90. Zaki, Yashar, and Valigholizadeh, Ali.2013, Spatial Scales in Political Geography, Tehran: University of Tehran press. [In Persian].
91. Zarghani, seyyed Hadi, (2009); Introduction to National power, Tehran: Publications of Resarch Institute of Strategic Studies [In Persian].
92. Zohdi Goharpour, Mohammad. (2017). the emergence and transformation of the idea of territory in Iran. Thesis for Ph.D in political Geography. [In Persian].