vasim aziz; seyyed hadi zarghani; ali mohammadpour
Abstract
This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, ...
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This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, three variables: "the existence of holy shrines in both countries," "the majority of the Shiite population in both Iran and Iraq," and "Arbaeen pilgrimage and common religious movements" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries. Also, the results of factor analysis in the economic dimension show that the variables "the presence of Iraqi tourists in Iran" and "extensive border communications and interactions and the existence of a long common border between the two countries" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries, and in contrast, the two variables "disputes between the two countries over maritime borders and the exploitation of shared marine resources in the Persian Gulf" and "hydropolitical disputes between the two countries over the exploitation of border rivers" have had the most significant role in weakening relations between the two countries. Finally, in the political-security dimension, the variables "a sense of common threat against terrorism and religious extremism," "the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rise of the political status of Shiites," and "Iran's military and defense assistance to Iraq during the fight against ISIS" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries in the last two decades, and the two variables "the different approaches of Iraq and Iran towards the United States" and "the historical dispute between the two countries over the Arvand River (Shatt al-Arab)" have had a negative impact on the relations between the two countries.
narges hajipanah; seyed Hadi Zarghani; OmidAli Kharazmi
Abstract
This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past ...
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This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past 41 years. Research findings show that in the past four decades, only 12 percent of the articles in the process were related to water. The dominant fields of study are "Determination of optimum land uses, water resources status, systematic analysis of spatial planning policies in the face of water scarcity, and the impact of human activities on quantitative and qualitative water crises" In terms of research methodology, most articles have used quantitative methods, especially statistical software, and paid little attention to in-person interviews with water stakeholders, local people and experts. In terms of journals, a total of 19 journals have been active in the field of water-related articles and "spatial Planning" is ranked first. In terms of the time trend, in the 60s and 70s, the number of articles related to water was the lowest, and the increasing trend started in the 80s and reached its peak in the 90s. Finally, in the solution section, the issues such as "water resources recycling, water resource planning instead of activities planning, mechanized agriculture, using hazard-oriented spatial planning and green planning, adapting the uses to ecological capacity of the regions" are emphasized.
Mansoure Eskandaran; Hadi Zarghani; Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh
Abstract
There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of ...
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There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, source and structure have an effect on the formation, consistency and continuity of water conflicts at the international level, either directly or indirectly. Systematic investigations to determine how to resolve water disputes show that conflicts are formed due to structural factors as a result of efforts to control, access and limit the consumption of international water resources by changing the direction of water flow, building dams and creating reservoirs; Conflicts arise due to the demand factor and excessive use of international water resources, which are exacerbated by population growth, industrial development, and urbanization, and conflicts arise due to resource destruction, which are indirectly affected by the two factors of demand and structure and intensify Effective conflicts arise. However, it seems that after the beginning of the water-related conflict, the implementation of diplomacy using diplomatic tools and not technical tools will help countries in establishing regional stability and pursuing peace. Because the actors in the water conflict scene can use this tool against unwillingness to cooperate, disregard for international water laws, water hegemony and power imbalance in order to obtain maximum benefits. Focusing on Central Asia, this article tries to use a descriptive-analytical method, within the framework of the four analytical model (institutionalist, activist, structural-functional and systemic) to get a clear picture of the water conditions and the factors affecting the possibility of future water conflict between the countries.
Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
Zahra Nasimi; seyyed Hadi Zarghani; omidali kharazmi; , Hossein Rabiee
Abstract
Regionalism is one of the mechanisms of governments to deal with instability and establish order and security in different regions of the world, and by using this method, national governments have ended wars and conflicts and achieved relative stability and security. The question that is raised is why ...
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Regionalism is one of the mechanisms of governments to deal with instability and establish order and security in different regions of the world, and by using this method, national governments have ended wars and conflicts and achieved relative stability and security. The question that is raised is why this mechanism has not been able to work successfully in the Persian Gulf region, in fact, what are the most important obstacles and challenges to the formation of the Persian Gulf regional organization. In this regard, this research, with the descriptive-analytical method and citing reliable library and field sources, first gathered the most important factors and areas of divergence and screened with the method of "coding and categorization" and finally in the form of five economic, political, defense-security, territorial and cultural-social categories. In the stage of field studies, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic and English and was given to the experts of all the countries of the region. In the analysis of the findings, to evaluate the weight and importance of the obstacles and challenges of the formation of the regional organization of the Persian Gulf, a sample t-test was used, and to compare the opinions of Iranian respondents and experts from the Arab countries of the region in this field, an independent correlated t-test was performed using SPSS software. In order to evaluate the most effective obstacles and challenges in the formation of the regional organization of the Persian Gulf, PLS structural equations have also been used.
samira chenari; Hadi Azami; Mohsen Janparvar; Eisa EbrahimZadeh
Abstract
IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work ...
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IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work to resolve water-related tensions and facilitate cooperation between countries with shared water resources. But this new and emerging concept does not have enough theoretical and scientific support to present a process. For this reason, in this article, by expanding the concept of water diplomacy, an attempt was made to present step-by-step the paths of water diplomacy for different fields and water diplomacy measures related to performance in the form of a water diplomacy road map. For this purpose, first the existing approaches in water diplomacy were discussed with a descriptive-analytical method and by finding the focal components in water diplomacy including actors, interests, power and goals, a water diplomacy roadmap based on the advantages of the approaches was presented. This water diplomacy roadmap by designing strategic solutions and frameworks in water diplomacy presents a process of transferring the existing conditions to the desired one, which helps to regulate relations between countries and various institutions and through it to create effective cooperation, agreements and dialogues between countries. and sustainability in the field of water will lead.
Ahmad hajarian
Abstract
The concept of political participation includes a group of new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that provide social needs. On the other hand, social stratification plays a very effective role in improving or reducing its indicators, because the understanding and awareness of the effect of ...
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The concept of political participation includes a group of new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that provide social needs. On the other hand, social stratification plays a very effective role in improving or reducing its indicators, because the understanding and awareness of the effect of social stratification on rural spaces presents a different and diverse picture, which the current research tried to examine the aspect of political participation of residents in the studied rural areas. to check The research was based on the practical purpose and in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, it was a quasi-experimental type of research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control the variables completely. In this research, by studying the theoretical literature and past researches, the variables and dimensions of the research were identified in 4 general dimensions. Oral history, patriarchy, religious views and socialization of classes, whose interpretation was of interest in the overall political participation in the rural areas of Zahedan city. The results indicate that the most important criterion of patriarchy and the least important criterion of class socialization play a role in explaining and predicting the dependent variable (political participation). The research shows attention to social stratification in the form of reducing its effects and improving the criteria of political participation in the studied rural areas.
Bahador Zarei; Mohamad Ali Keyani
Abstract
Its development and dimensions are one of the topics that political geographers have addressed more or less. The center of gravity of development in political geography from the national dimension is the decentralization of the central government and the transfer of its responsibilities to the local ...
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Its development and dimensions are one of the topics that political geographers have addressed more or less. The center of gravity of development in political geography from the national dimension is the decentralization of the central government and the transfer of its responsibilities to the local governments located in the provinces and states and the realization of development by local institutions. In recent years, political geographers have also addressed the international dimension of development and underdevelopment of countries as a result. The purpose of the research is to examine and present the opinions and opinions of political geographers regarding the issue of development and its dimensions. Analytical-descriptive research method and the use of reliable foreign and domestic sources and texts on the issue of development from the perspective of political geographers. The findings of the research show that political geographers more or less one of the topics that they have addressed in their research is national, local and international development, which is influenced by the theories of modernization and dependence in social sciences. Since its development and forms change the territorial, social and economic atmosphere of countries and their internal regions, the necessity of studying it from the point of view of political geography seems inevitable. Today, it is necessary for the central government to leave the realization of development, especially sustainable development, to the local governments and to assume the role of a platform builder, a policy maker, a strategy provider, and an observer in the field of development in the political geography of countries.Key words: political geography, development, modernization and dependency theory, sustainable development
seyed hadi zarghani; Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh; Mansoure Eskandaran
Abstract
There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, solving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, ...
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There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, solving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, source and structure have an effect on the formation, consistency and continuity of water conflicts at the international level, either directly or indirectly. The findings show that many factors, including political factors (tension in regional relations, state-oriented governance, lack of border determination, high levels of corruption, undemocratic governments); economic factors (reliance on water-intensive industries, significant reliance on agriculture); social factors (social inequality, demographic characteristics); And environmental factors (arid and semi-arid climatic conditions, lack of fresh water resources and climate changes) affect the formation and continuation of conflicts between the countries of the Central Asian region. Also, the competition of great powers in the countries of Central Asia has ended to some extent in favor of the relative expansion of infrastructure, but at the cost of destruction and damage to water resources, and the effect of geopolitical developments in this region on water resources is more prominent. As a result, it seems that the structural factors, the shape and characteristics of the actors, the evident institutional weakness in the region have had the greatest impact on the management of water resources. Therefore, diplomacy using strengthening regional cooperation as a result of creating strong and efficient institutions for the joint management of water resources; Development and formulation of comprehensive and sustainable agreements on the sharing of water resources; And the use of new technologies can help the countries of the region in the optimal management of water resources.
mohammad bagher Mokaramipour; mohammadjavad khoubpour; leila kiani; hamidreza hatami
Abstract
The imposed independence of the Central Asian republics turned these countries from administrative units into national governments with international borders. The transformation of the former Soviet Union made it possible for different types of crises between these republics, which were the result of ...
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The imposed independence of the Central Asian republics turned these countries from administrative units into national governments with international borders. The transformation of the former Soviet Union made it possible for different types of crises between these republics, which were the result of Soviet policies, to come to the fore. While these republics share many common characteristics, including shared history, economies dependent on agriculture and water, and common security threats, they have common challenges in confronting each other. Geographical agency and geographical determinism have affected all other components between these republics, in such a way that security has become the main priority of these countries. Geographical determinism has had an impact on the economy, environment, politics and all aspects of these societies. In such a way that a view based on caution and pessimism has ruled between them. The effect of geographical determinism, especially being confined to land, has placed the relations of these republics with Iran in a special situation, which is an opportunity for both sides. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the question, what effect does geographical determinism have on the relations between these republics, and what is the position of Iran in this situation? The hypothesis under investigation is that geographical deterrence still makes security the main priority of these countries, and Iran has the ability to get these countries out of geographical deterrence due to its capacities.
Ali Kakimi khorram; sayed hadi zarghani; hadi azami
Abstract
The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, ...
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The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, with emerging developments, the process of Iran's role in the region has acquired complex dimensions. Therefore, it is inevitable to plan regional security strategies in accordance with its developments and modernization. In this regard, the present research, using a combination of SWOT, QSPM and David's strategic methods, has compiled Iran's regional security strategies in the Persian Gulf, in the three dimensions of military, geopolitical and geo-economic security. The findings showed that the strategy of "maintaining and strengthening Iran's geopolitical arms in the region and expanding its scope" has been identified as the main and fundamental strategy of Iran's regional security in the Persian Gulf with a score of 8.66. Also, the following strategies have been formulated by separating the three components: in the field of Iran's military security in the Persian Gulf, holding joint military and security exercises between Iran and the countries of the Persian Gulf region; In the field of Iran's geopolitical security strategies in the Persian Gulf, developing strategies for easy border crossing between countries around the Persian Gulf; And in the field of "geo-economic security strategies, the formation of joint free trade and technology zones between Iran and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf" were identified as strategic options.
mehdi moosavi; a khatibi
Abstract
Hydro-hegemony, as one of the study dimensions of hydropolitics, refers to the dominance of governments over water resources in common water basins and preventing other countries in the basin from accessing water resources. The investigation of water resources in the Middle East shows the disproportion ...
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Hydro-hegemony, as one of the study dimensions of hydropolitics, refers to the dominance of governments over water resources in common water basins and preventing other countries in the basin from accessing water resources. The investigation of water resources in the Middle East shows the disproportion between the distribution of population and fresh water, which has caused many conflicts over water resources, which has led to the formation of hydro-hegemony over common water basins, which is currently happening in cases such as "Jordan River" is observed. Therefore, this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to investigate the hydro-hegemony of the Israeli regime over the Jordan River and its consequences on the neighbors. The results of the research show that the Israeli regime, by occupying the areas upstream of the main branches of the Jordan River such as the Golan Heights, lakes, local springs, transferring water to the Dead Sea through canals, building deep wells And preventing the construction of wells by local communities has tried to prevent other communities from directly accessing these water resources in addition to meeting their own water needs. By taking advantage of soft hydro-hegemony and by creating inappropriate living conditions, this regime forces local communities to accept the laws of this regime in order to meet their strategic needs. The most important consequences of these actions in the surrounding countries (Palestine, Syria, Lebanon) are forcing native communities to migrate, especially in the Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip, drinking water supply problems and its livelihood consequences, reducing the ability to produce agricultural products and Eliminating competitors from the market, exerting influence on the culture of the surrounding communities through the use of mandatory mechanisms to benefit from water, environmental problems and creating an identity crisis due to the spread of Zionist culture and the Hebrew language.
Yashar Zaki; kumars yazdanpanah; ahmad pishevar
Abstract
Space and place are among the concepts and foundations that have an effect on the individual and collective life of humans in various scales. Considering the importance of space and place in security analysis, the present research has analyzed the relationship between place, space and security in West ...
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Space and place are among the concepts and foundations that have an effect on the individual and collective life of humans in various scales. Considering the importance of space and place in security analysis, the present research has analyzed the relationship between place, space and security in West Azerbaijan province with descriptive and correlational methods. One-sample t-test was used for data analysis, and SPSS and Lisrel software were used for factor analysis (structural equation model). There is a positive and strong correlation between all four components of security with place and space in West Azerbaijan. West Azarbaijan province in Iran is of significant strategic importance due to its border with the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, Turkey and Iraq. The province's borders with Turkey and Iraq have implications for cross-border trade, cultural exchanges, and potential security threats. The geographical neighborhood of the province with neighboring countries and with different and even opposite geopolitical areas adds to its geopolitical complexity; Because it becomes a key point in geopolitical relations as well as regional conflicting interests. Therefore, the increase in security values and coefficients (in the four economic, social, political and ecological components) leads to an increase in belonging and place identity among the citizens of this province. Increasing belonging to a place, in addition to providing grounds for more participation of citizens in the direction of sustainable development, also reduces territorial and ethnic faults and strengthens sustainable security in the form of a software and cultural layer.
Iman Meykameh; Hamid Reza mohammad; Kumars Yazdanpanah Daro
Abstract
The power vacuum in the South Caucasus after the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to the formation of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The two countries of Iran and Turkey are trying to influence and exploit the countries of this area due to their historical links and having ...
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The power vacuum in the South Caucasus after the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to the formation of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The two countries of Iran and Turkey are trying to influence and exploit the countries of this area due to their historical links and having common borders, and their vast capacities in the fields of energy, politics, culture and economy. With the formation of the three republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, new opportunities arose for Turkey and Iran to influence and influence this region. Based on the geopolitical realities, the two countries show great sensitivity to this region as a security and economic supplement. The current research is descriptive and analytical, and the research data has been collected in the form of library and documents. The results of the research show that these two regional powers, due to their cultural and ethnic connections with the Caucasus region, consider themselves obliged to play a role in its political, economic and security equations. As a result, the existence of such a point of view has caused the simultaneous presence of these two regional powers in the Caucasus and brought about their confrontation and friction.
Mohammadreza Faraji
Abstract
The actors of the international system are in a context with different degrees of connections and complex interdependence. In addition, these actors include units at different horizontal and vertical levels. This research tries to explain the strategic management of order in the complex international ...
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The actors of the international system are in a context with different degrees of connections and complex interdependence. In addition, these actors include units at different horizontal and vertical levels. This research tries to explain the strategic management of order in the complex international adaptive system. The result of the research points to the problem that in the complex international system, the multiplicity and diversity of actors, the high degree and intensity of interactions between actors, the non-linearity of interactions, the loops of interactions, the rule of systemic disequilibrium, the historicity of systemic events, systemic self-organization, Dissipative structures, Strange Attractors, adaptive tension of actors and the ignorance of system actors of emerging systemic behaviors lead to the emergence of fluctuating order and the orderly management of phenomena and developments have a very deep connection with system characteristics and it seems that the process of environmental scanning to understand environmental changes and actors' interactions and strategic flexibility for Adaptability to new situations and conditions is very important in this type of management.
hamid dorj
Abstract
The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are ...
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The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are moving towards achieving common goals. But Trump's rise to power in the United States has plunged relations between Brussels and Washington into cold and gloom. Trump's withdrawal from some agreements and international organizations such as the Paris and Borjam climate agreements and Trump's invasion of NATO and his support for Britain's secession from the European Union, etc. are among the cases. Which has influenced the interests and policies of Europe and the United States in regional and international affairs and has added to the differences between the two sides. Meanwhile, the present study seeks to answer the main question of what is the relationship between the United States and Europe during the Trump era? The hypothesis is that with Trump in power in the White House, the relations between Washington and Brussels, which in the past were united and coordinated in regional and international politics; It turned cold and dark in different dimensions. Adopting Trump's unilateral policies and withdrawing from some regional and international agreements and organizations related to US interests, while reducing Europeans' confidence in Washington's promises and policies, the goals and interests of these two influential transatlantic poles in In the past, they moved on a single front; Will face a challenge. Descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the data.
ahmari mahdi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of Islamic city councils (Local Councils) in order to achieve the optimal efficiency of the governance system.The research method is Applied and Developed and Using library and internet resources. The results indicate that the position of Islamic ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of Islamic city councils (Local Councils) in order to achieve the optimal efficiency of the governance system.The research method is Applied and Developed and Using library and internet resources. The results indicate that the position of Islamic city councils in the Iranian governance structure as local management has been confirmed. This ruling class will reach the highest level of utilization for the political structure of Iran when it can make appropriate decisions based on social, financial and political requirements, and have proper planning on local institutions and organizations under the local government ministries that are present locally, and perform their local governance task with supervision and management.There is evidence in different periods of Islamic councils that indicate the ups and downs of decentralization conditions in the country's Unitary state system of government. This occurs in the relationships of local administrations and government sub-organizations and poses challenges. In the event of social and political currents between the center of the government and the periphery (Islamic city councils), structural and functional inconsistencies are visible. Attention to local participation is the democratic context that is included in the laws and regulations adopted by Iran. Participation in governance will have its optimum level when it is possible to fulfill the promises of Local Governances (Islamic councils) and the people's persuasion of the status quo is observed.
kioumars maleki; mohammadreza pourmohammadi
Abstract
The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which ...
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The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which can help to complete the chain of urban defense effectively and significantly. Most of the existing researches related to the reduction of damages caused by earthquakes have focused on building construction methods to increase the resistance of the building against earthquakes. In this research, with an emphasis on passive defense and identification of components and indicators of vulnerability and risk zoning in 4 natural, physical, social and economic components with 48 indicators, in the form of a questionnaire, the vulnerable areas caused by earthquakes were comprehensively identified in line with Determined to reduce risk. In this article, the necessary investigations and analyzes are carried out by applying the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning and passive defense, etc., through the distribution of 30 questionnaires and the help of GIS software in processing and preparing the output of ARAS and TOPSIS models at the level of the metropolitan areas of the city. Tabriz has been used and finally, according to the results of Aras and TOPSIS models, district 10 of the municipality of the crisis zone and district 2 of the municipality have the lowest level of vulnerability to earthquakes. In the following, the factors of this increase in vulnerability and solutions to overcome the crisis at the level The ten municipal areas were presented according to the principles of passive defense and the output of the models.
majid dehghanian; ebrahim roumina; mohammadreza hafeznia; mostafa qaderihajat
Abstract
Precise policymaking and the adoption of comprehensive and purposeful strategies in the realm of foreign policy are fundamental needs of countries. Based on their power capabilities, countries are keen to expand their sphere of influence and increase their role in the region or surrounding regions and ...
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Precise policymaking and the adoption of comprehensive and purposeful strategies in the realm of foreign policy are fundamental needs of countries. Based on their power capabilities, countries are keen to expand their sphere of influence and increase their role in the region or surrounding regions and influence them. It can be said that today, the scope of this influence has gone beyond the purely military sphere and includes a wide range of components that shape the concept of strategic depth.This study aims to provide a comprehensive and multi-dimensional definition of the concept of strategic depth and identify the factors that influence it, using a combination of library and field methods. In the library section, while reviewing the theoretical literature, various definitions and dimensions of strategic depth have been examined. In the field section, by designing a questionnaire and distributing it among professors and faculty members of the country's universities, experts' opinions on the components of strategic depth were collected and analyzed using SPSS software.The findings of the research show that strategic depth is a multi-dimensional and dynamic concept that goes beyond geographical boundaries and includes political, economic, cultural, social, and military dimensions. In this research, 14 main components for strategic depth have been identified and ranked based on experts' opinions.
Mohammadreza Joufar; Alireza Mehrabi; Hamidreza Mohamadi
Abstract
Saudi Arabia, as a newly established country rooted in a tribal-religious system, is governed as a monarchy. The presence of a semi-traditional and semi-modern society has led to political, cultural, and economic challenges and discontent among its people. Founded in 1932, Saudi Arabia’s short ...
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Saudi Arabia, as a newly established country rooted in a tribal-religious system, is governed as a monarchy. The presence of a semi-traditional and semi-modern society has led to political, cultural, and economic challenges and discontent among its people. Founded in 1932, Saudi Arabia’s short history, along with its ethnic, racial, religious, and ideological diversity, has contributed to internal challenges. These issues arise from the political geography of the Saudi kingdom, and understanding them is key for accurate analysis and future research on the country. In addition to its maritime border with Iran, Saudi Arabia holds significant ideological influence in the Islamic world. The presence of the two holy cities, Mecca and Medina, the influx of Iranian pilgrims, and its rivalry with the Islamic Republic of Iran for leadership in the Muslim world further enhance its importance. This study aims to explore and explain the internal dynamics and political geography of Saudi Arabia, focusing on the country's internal divisions. The research is practical, employing a qualitative, analytical-explanatory approach. Data were collected through documentary and library research, as well as interviews. The central question this research addresses is: "What are the political-geographical divisions in Saudi Arabia?" The study concludes that Saudi Arabia faces religious, ethnic-tribal, economic, and political divisions. If these divisions are not properly managed, the kingdom could face internal tensions between Shiites and Sunnis, elites, tribes, traditionalists, reformists, and the younger generation. These divisions have the potential to threaten the stability and survival of the Al Saud regime.
hamid dorj
Abstract
Iran and Turkey have special sensitivities to this region due to the multidimensional importance of the South Caucasus. Iran considers this region as an arena for the development of its power and influence, and on the other hand, Turkey sees it as a bridge for mapping and promoting its position in Eurasia. ...
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Iran and Turkey have special sensitivities to this region due to the multidimensional importance of the South Caucasus. Iran considers this region as an arena for the development of its power and influence, and on the other hand, Turkey sees it as a bridge for mapping and promoting its position in Eurasia. The research question is, considering the position of the South Caucasus in the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey, what policy do these two countries pursue in this region? The research hypothesis is that due to the power vacuum created in the post-Cold War era, the South Caucasus has presented opportunities for Iran and Turkey to advance in this regard; The two countries are seeking to achieve goals such as exploiting the region's economic and energy potential, establishing regional peace and stability, and expanding cooperation. In the meantime, Ankara is pursuing a policy of containment of Iran by establishing close relations with regional and trans-regional actors such as Azerbaijan, Israel and the United States; Tehran, meanwhile, has sought to reduce Ankara's influence in the South Caucasus and its isolation in the South Caucasus by creating the Tehran-Moscow-Yerevan axis. Qualitative analysis method was used to analyze the data.
hamid dorj
Abstract
Pakistan's strategic position in South Asia has always attracted the attention of the United States. Trump has taken a policy of pressure and sanctions against the country by accusing Pakistan of harboring terrorists,which has triggered the trampol's crackdown on Washington-Islamabad relations. The lack ...
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Pakistan's strategic position in South Asia has always attracted the attention of the United States. Trump has taken a policy of pressure and sanctions against the country by accusing Pakistan of harboring terrorists,which has triggered the trampol's crackdown on Washington-Islamabad relations. The lack of seriousness in Islamabad in the fight against Taliban terrorists has led the Palace to reduce its military and economic assistance to Islamabad. The main question of the article is what is the US foreign policy towards Pakistan during the Trump era? In answer to this question, we can say; it should be said; Trump for reasons such as; Pakistan's lack of seriousness in the fight against terrorism, concerns over the access of Islamist militias to its nuclear facilities, and the weakening and containment of rivals in its regions such as Russia, China, and Iran Islamabad has adopted and in this regard, cuts or suspends US military and economic aid to Pakistan. In this research, we try to test the hypothesis of research by using an invasive realism theory and relying on descriptive-analytic method.
Alaaddin Rooki,; EsfandIar Bandarian; Mohammad Reza Poodineh,
Abstract
Problem statement: In recent years, the evaluation of the ecological potential of the land is the same as the identification of the region's capabilities, capabilities, opportunities and limitations in terms of sustainable and unstable ecological resources for all uses. The importance of evaluating the ...
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Problem statement: In recent years, the evaluation of the ecological potential of the land is the same as the identification of the region's capabilities, capabilities, opportunities and limitations in terms of sustainable and unstable ecological resources for all uses. The importance of evaluating the ecological potential of the land is to the extent that if the potential land lacks ecological potential suitable for a specific use (even if there is an economic-social need for that use), the implementation of that plan will not only improve the environmental condition of the region, Rather, it will bring more destruction to the environment.Purpose: Based on this, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the ecological potential of the coastal township of Kanark based on the characteristics of the natural environment. The current research is of an applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the ecological potential of Konark coastal township based on the characteristics of the natural environment for the development of settlements as a suitable platform for any planning regarding the type of land use. For the human life and the variety of attractions, landscapes, beaches, etc., the coastal township of Konark has to evaluate its ecological capacity.Method: To evaluate the ecological power of Konark coastal township from 14 criteria including; Communication network, main rivers, tributary waterways, density of vegetation, fault, height, slope, direction of slope, land use, soil erosion, temperature, humidity, earthquake center and airport have been used. Therefore, this research has four stages: First part: First, the preparation and preparation of the layers was done. The second part: The extracted layers are standardized using the fuzzy membership function method. Third part: In the next step, the weight of each layer has been calculated using the ANP method.
danyal rezapour; sedighe azin
Abstract
Considering the changes and developments that have emerged in the world power pyramid in recent years, artificial intelligence technology is an important fundamental component that makes the countries that own it gain more geopolitical competitiveness and can balance the power in the system. disturb ...
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Considering the changes and developments that have emerged in the world power pyramid in recent years, artificial intelligence technology is an important fundamental component that makes the countries that own it gain more geopolitical competitiveness and can balance the power in the system. disturb the international for their own benefit. Based on this, Russia is pursuing the development and application of artificial intelligence technology in various fields, especially military, in the way of improving its position in the international system. With this argument, the aim of the article is to examine the Kremlin's strategy regarding the use of artificial intelligence in Central Asia, on this basis, the question is raised as to what goals Russia pursues in the context of the use of artificial intelligence in Central Asia, and with what Are there any challenges? Since Russia is traditionally a power with military superiority in the international system and especially abroad, the capabilities of artificial intelligence technology in a wide range of military applications, including the sale of weapons, gaining information superiority, cyber attacks, unmanned systems and... to be realized in Central Asia. Of course, challenges such as the limitations of the national economy, scientific ability and international sanctions seem to make this country face a problem in the economic sector of Russia. With this consideration, the obtained findings show the truth of the existing assumption regarding the subject of Russia and its goals in Central Asia, relying on the lever of artificial intelligence technology. The research method of the article is qualitative and based on description and analysis and collection of information from document-library sources and internet pages.
Ezzatollah Akbari Talarposhti; Naser Ali Mansourian
Abstract
This research aims to comparatively examine the position and role of the legislature in foreign policy by studying the case of Iran’s Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles) and the United States Congress. In the present era, where the complexities of international relations and geopolitical challenges ...
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This research aims to comparatively examine the position and role of the legislature in foreign policy by studying the case of Iran’s Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles) and the United States Congress. In the present era, where the complexities of international relations and geopolitical challenges have increased, the role of legislative bodies in shaping and overseeing foreign policy has become even more crucial. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach to analyze the legal frameworks, structures, and mechanisms through which both institutions influence foreign policy between the years 2015 and 2023. The findings of the research show that, despite structural and legal differences, both institutions play a significant role in foreign policy through mechanisms such as ratifying international treaties (Article 77 of Iran’s Constitution), overseeing policy implementation, allocating budgets, and engaging in parliamentary diplomacy. However, the U.S. Congress, with broader legal powers—including declaring war and controlling the budget—exerts a deeper influence on foreign policy, while Iran’s Islamic Consultative Assembly faces multiple structural and legal limitations. This study emphasizes the importance of constructive interaction between the legislative and executive branches to improve the effectiveness of foreign policy, offering suggestions such as strengthening specialized committees and improving oversight mechanisms.
hadi veicy
Abstract
The knowledge of geopolitics, which is a branch of the science of geography, has become one of the most attractive and influential scientific fields in the international arena today. Geopolitical knowledge has experienced many ups and downs in its evolution. Although the subject history of this knowledge ...
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The knowledge of geopolitics, which is a branch of the science of geography, has become one of the most attractive and influential scientific fields in the international arena today. Geopolitical knowledge has experienced many ups and downs in its evolution. Although the subject history of this knowledge dates back to the late 19th century and early 20th century, it was accused of warmongering due to the shaping of world politics and power relations in the first half of the 20th century that led to World War II. It almost left the scientific and academic scene for more than two decades. At when geopolitics was not given much attention and credit in the world, an extended article by Mirhasan Atefi titled Geopolitics in the journal of historical reviews in Persian language in 1966 contains scientific and outstanding points that have not been noticed until now. The present article introduces and reviews this article and has come to the conclusion that the content of the geopolitics article is comprehensive and has a suitable scientific quality level and it is beneficial to re-read it today.
neda sheikh; bahador zarei; sajad razeghi
Abstract
The two words Territorial integrity and Border integrity have multiple meanings, functions and equivalents due to their simultaneous presence in different epistemological and scientific fields and their incomplete explanation in international laws. In a way that has caused some confusion and lack of ...
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The two words Territorial integrity and Border integrity have multiple meanings, functions and equivalents due to their simultaneous presence in different epistemological and scientific fields and their incomplete explanation in international laws. In a way that has caused some confusion and lack of consensus, especially among political geographers. According to various texts, territorial integrity is an abstract concept that is mixed with a set of concepts, values, ideas, and human and spatial issues. Also, border integrity is an abstract concept of spatial issues. Based on this, the present research has tried to analyze and reread the philosophical-spatial dimensions of these two words and answer the question: why these two words have different equivalents and meanings and sometimes They are used interchangeably. The findings of the research show that it seems that the involvement of various geographical, spatial and epistemological elements and structures, the lack of comprehensiveness and completeness of explanations and international laws pave the way for pluralism and mistakes. It has smoothed the interpretation and use of two words. In such a way that those meanings and concepts derived from Territorial integrity are closer to the reality that include the "spatial" and "overall geography" perspectives in addition to the structural-functional perspective, and the propositions related to this Words such as independence, freedom and unity of the country can also be used for the border integrity of those interpretations that consider the spatial and geographical dimension and are related to the physical border and its protection.
ehsan lashgari
Abstract
Discourses, as structured sets of mental elements, construct diverse forms of power delegation to political-regional institutions, manifesting within the historical context of territory. However, the stabilization and continuity of discursive legitimacy requires interpreters who can theorize about the ...
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Discourses, as structured sets of mental elements, construct diverse forms of power delegation to political-regional institutions, manifesting within the historical context of territory. However, the stabilization and continuity of discursive legitimacy requires interpreters who can theorize about the coherence of relationships between symbols and social forces in describing this legitimacy and reject the alienation forces. during the Qajar era (1796-1925), prior to the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, a quasi-federal model of governance emerged, characterized by the delegation of authority to socio-regional force which was unprecedented. During this period, the clergy, as one of the most important social forces, was able to legitimize the continuity of this discourse by establishing the necessary cognitive framework for it under the Islamic jurisprudence. in this research, within the framework of Foucault's power/knowledge relationship, has been attempted to examine how this social class acted to legitimize quasi-federal governance before the Constitutional Revolution. Research findings indicate that the configuration of the knowledge/power system under governance quasi-federal led to a prevailing belief in the necessity of the Islamic jurisprudence on social issues to solidify the foundations of this discourse. moreover, the economic ties between the clergy and urban merchants, artisans, and rural landowners led to Shiite jurists supporting their interests and stabilized the socio-spatial distribution of power. Moreover, the absence of a standing army during this period meant that Qajar kings needed the Shiite jurists order to mobilize tribes and other social classes during times of war.
Rasul Eydi; Zahra Ahmadipoor; Hadi Zarghani
Abstract
In Iranian culture, rituals and celebrations have always played a key role in strengthening social solidarity and cultural identity. Iranians have reproduced their social, historical, and cultural values through these ceremonies. One of the most important of these rituals is the Nowruz celebration, ...
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In Iranian culture, rituals and celebrations have always played a key role in strengthening social solidarity and cultural identity. Iranians have reproduced their social, historical, and cultural values through these ceremonies. One of the most important of these rituals is the Nowruz celebration, which has its roots in ancient Iranian mythology and traditions and is known for its special customs and traditions. This study examined the role of the Nowruz celebration in strengthening Iran's national identity. The research method was a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches and was conducted using library studies and field research. The statistical population consisted of 85 experts in this field who were purposefully selected, and the data from the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the study show that Nowruz helps to strengthen national identity by increasing the sense of belonging to society, social cohesion, and a sense of membership. From a historical perspective, this celebration strengthens the historical identity of Iranians by highlighting pride in the past and defining historical periods. From a geographical perspective, Nowruz strengthens the sense of national unity and increases a positive attitude towards the land of Iran. From a cultural perspective, it also helps to perpetuate Iranian identity by emphasizing the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions. The findings show that Nowruz is not only a cultural ritual, but also a fundamental factor in establishing and promoting Iran's national identity.
Rohallah Hossieni; Morteza Ghourchi; Behzad Malekpour Asl
Abstract
Carl Schmitt was one of the philosophers influenced by political geographers who attached great importance to thinking about space. Since he is best known for his theory of the "Political", it is necessary to pay attention to the other dimension of this theory, which is space. Among his spatial ideas ...
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Carl Schmitt was one of the philosophers influenced by political geographers who attached great importance to thinking about space. Since he is best known for his theory of the "Political", it is necessary to pay attention to the other dimension of this theory, which is space. Among his spatial ideas in which the political matter is clear, we can mention "Nomos of the Earth", "Land and Sea" and "Grossram", which become important for organizing space through spatial revolutions on a global scale. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine the spatial dimension of Schmitt's work and the place of spatial revolution in it. This research, using a descriptive and analytical method and based on library data, seeks to answer the question of what place space and spatial revolution have in Carl Schmitt's thought? As a result, this research examines space in Schmitt's thoughts, which leads to an understanding of the organization of international political space. And it focuses on how politics creates the inside from the outside and friend from enemy on three scales: local, regional, and global.
ehsan lashgari
Abstract
One of the poststructuralist theories includes Gilles Deleuze's "Agency" approach which analyzes the relationship between territorialization and deterritorialization among competing discourses with a concentration on how social rhizomes are articulated. In this theory, territory represents an order formed ...
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One of the poststructuralist theories includes Gilles Deleuze's "Agency" approach which analyzes the relationship between territorialization and deterritorialization among competing discourses with a concentration on how social rhizomes are articulated. In this theory, territory represents an order formed in a time-space section that under a hegemonic discourse; relationship between the elements of state, land, and nation finds a creative concept. In this regard, at the time between the constitutional revolution and the first Pahlavi government emergence in Iran between 1901 and 1925; autocratic government discourse was better able to mobilize rhizomatic forces in the direction of its hegemony in competition with other discourses and make a territorialization based on epistemic reading. In this research, by relying on the interpretive method, has been tried to analyze how social rhizomes are articulated in the construction of autocratic government discourse and how it is territorialized. Findings research show that new rhizomes articulation, such as maintaining security, and territorial integrity, dismantling the traditional forces dominance such as tribal leaders, regional landowners, and official language expansion, were the most important changes that were effective in territorializing the autocratic government discourse in first Pahlavi era. In this discourse, the powerful king was interpreted as the only force who was able to guide other rhizomatic components for the hegemony of this discourse. Therefore, the powerful king became the central signifier of this counter-discourse and commentators also undertook the task connecting of collective reason to this discourse territorialization and by proposing romantic elements such as returning to ancient Iran's glory, tried to create legitimacy for it. This configuration caused the creative meaning formation for Iran’s territory at this time.
Sohrab Asgari
Abstract
The decline of the Ottoman Empire was a prelude to the British Mandate of Palestine. With the beginning of the Mandate, an opportunity was provided for Jews and the Zionist movement to take action to establish a Jewish state. Jews from all over the world immigrated to the Palestinian region at the invitation ...
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The decline of the Ottoman Empire was a prelude to the British Mandate of Palestine. With the beginning of the Mandate, an opportunity was provided for Jews and the Zionist movement to take action to establish a Jewish state. Jews from all over the world immigrated to the Palestinian region at the invitation of the Zionist movement. As Jewish immigration increased, tensions arose between Arabs and Jews. In 1947, the United Nations proposed dividing Palestine into two parts - one Jewish and one Arab, with the responsibility of the Jewish part shared with the Jews and the Arab part with the Arabs. However, the Arabs rejected the plan. Since the establishment of Israel, the Palestinians have not succeeded in establishing an independent state. Today, they face even greater difficulties in achieving this goal. This article, written in a scholarly style, is analytical and attempts to explain the major obstacles in the process of establishing an independent Palestinian state after examining the initial requirements for statehood. The findings of the study emphasize that despite the great efforts of the Palestinian people and some international support, the challenge of independence remains serious due to the problem of territorial division and the lack of full control of the Palestinians over their territory and natural resources, especially surface and subsurface water resources. Water scarcity and the lack of control over water resources by the Palestinians is a major problem facing the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. The lack of control over water resources turns water scarcity into a serious crisis that can overshadow efforts to establish an independent Palestinian state. The water crisis is a fundamental problem for the Palestinian region. As a first step, resource management should be entrusted to the Palestinians.
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