Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf; Abbas Ahmadi Kerch; Yashar Zaki; ehsan lashgari Tafreshi; morteza razavinezhad
Abstract
Abstract
The spatial distribution of political-executive power in countries has different patterns with its weaknesses and strengths. In Iran, a centralized simple model is used; This type of system caused the national unity and cohesion of the country in the first decade of the ...
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Abstract
The spatial distribution of political-executive power in countries has different patterns with its weaknesses and strengths. In Iran, a centralized simple model is used; This type of system caused the national unity and cohesion of the country in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution, but now, it seems has gradually become an effecting deterrent factor for the country's progress and development due to extensive changes and transformations. The main question of this research is what are the most important disadvantages that a centralized simple system has caused to the country? And what is the severity of these? Based on the finding of this study conducted in the descriptive-analytical method with the participation of 185 academic and executive elites of the country, 10 thematic axes were identified and prioritized as the most important disadvantages of a centralized simple system. These were assessed in a one-sample t-test. The main disadvantages of the centralized simple system in the country are, Neglecting the requirements of local characteristics (t:33.00); neglecting of legal and legislative capacities (t:24.00), inefficiency of administrative-bureaucratic system (t:24.00), spatial injustice and unbalanced development (t:23.00), incomplete participation of people in Local Government Office (t:23.00), non-segregation of activities and responsibilities (t:22.00), irresponsibility, lack of belonging sense and accountability of local officials (t:22.00), pressure on the central government (t:21.00), Lack of development of parties(t:16.00), Continuation of authoritarian and flattering political culture (t:14.00). It seems that the Islamic Republic of Iran has to pay enough attention to these disadvantages in order to progress and develop faster. It has to smooth the way for the excellence of society by changing the level of concentration in the context of a decentralized simple system.
Ali Valigholizadeh; Turan kheyri
Abstract
1. Introduction
In the current situation Urban management is the focus of the plan is realistic that Iranian Political geography plays an important role in its formation The same principle Urban management in Iran is not defined not by the goal-oriented, but on the issue of extremism In this connection ...
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1. Introduction
In the current situation Urban management is the focus of the plan is realistic that Iranian Political geography plays an important role in its formation The same principle Urban management in Iran is not defined not by the goal-oriented, but on the issue of extremism In this connection , The current situation in Iran Cities have been experiencing problems due to social performance - especially in large-scale economic Which if not taken measures aimed to overcome them It will become a systemic crisis of socio-economic space iren Now According to what was discussed, And by taking the urban management deemed to be, Political and economic environment of the nature of the visual embodiment of Land Manage mentIn principle, such as land management system, focusing mostly on Iran, especially in the modern era and at the same time Complex nation-states And of course, this system has created complex challenges and constraints i And is unable administrative approach them n how to manage cities in Iran At the moment This issue has been faced with the problem of content In this study, the question is: Due to the nature of the political system of administrative centralization in Iran At the moment Management system in Iran is facing?
2. Theoretical
In a centralized system, decisions taken in the context of the entire work of the political-administrative unit and runs through the center of the political center located in the capital - this case is concentrated in the central institutions, the power of authority decisions taken office, several factors cause the government to focus on including illiteracy, Mental retardation, people are not familiar with social rights and duties and the stationing of a repressive government. Alexis de Tocqueville believes there are two types of centralized system that includes the "concentration rule" and "administrative focus." Decentralize the manner in which national affairs are conducted by central agencies and local affairs by local organizations These organizations are at different points outside the central organization of local organizations pales in comparison with national organizations and central These constraints include organizational aspects, technical expertise and geographical factors that are necessary in decentralization include: the level of economic development, size of the country and the third negative aspects: an internal crisis caused by local tensions With central government
Urban Management In 1976, along with concepts such as Healthy City project, was sustainable urban development as urban management program This means that the introduction of the concept of centralized management to decentralized management moves Urban management in the sense that a livable environment for all with social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability Urban management to all institutions, organizations and individuals said to be the official and non-official municipal legislative process Urban management is not just the mayor and council in this area is any element that is effective in the process of urban management The difference between theory and practice is not content to be just a theoretical But also reflects two entirely different issues City planners and managers encounter with them A system issues such as land use, neighborhood and other issues That is relevant to planners In his view, these issues are more fundamental and more important issues Which are considered as issues of content planning As long as these issues are not solved somehow Even the purest theory content will be scored (Burke Poor, 1381: 84). The challenges of content: uncontrolled growth of cities, irregularity in land useNon-implementation of welfare programs and development issues in municipalities throughout the country and the emergence of worn out tissues, , Made a face of the city and the emergence of old ones And the expansion of the neighborhoods that have been formed without Samankh without expertise, (Rajab Pour cheshmeh Gaz, 93: 3) And the expansion of the neighborhoods that have been formed without Samankh without expertise, (Rajab Pour Springs Gaz, 93: 3) Problems such as informal settlements, the expansion of the informal sector, inadequate urban services, Also in this category are located. Municipalities are classified from the perspective of the issues and problems
Procedural challenges: Refer to the method, manner and processes affecting the management of urban form And include comparisons or political-spatial segregation, how to adapt the functional and organizational scope These are problems that are related to the planning and management of the city, although the problems are intangible and invisible But they are more important and more fundamental issues of content and clear city, because they are causing or exacerbating substantive issues. Cities institutional weakness, isolation and segregation of the various parts of the city and lack of motivation and initiative in bringing about fundamental transformations in the city Resistance to change and improper relationship between local government and urban management, Among these challenges are Any radical change in the city And reducing its thematic issues Is subject to major reforms in approaches to planning and urban management system (Brk Por, 1381: 84).
3. Research Methodology
The main method used in this research is descriptive analysis with respect to its theoretical nature, And this paper is studied. Data were collected using library
4. Results and discussion
In today's world Each state uses In the finance department, Regional and Local Of a type of system and management model One of them is a centralized management model This model is common in most Third World countries. Has been affected. Western capitalism and the state system of pseudo-modernism In this regard, Iran also is an office within the centralized model because of changes in the past century The model has created a profound impact politically - administrative planning in the areas of economic, social, cultural, and urban in Iran In between Urban management and urban planning models are not affected and influenced deeply, from the System Urban management is one of the new concepts in the field of urban planning At the same time arises, with titles like the popular integrated partnership Refers to all institutions and organizations to formally and informally in the planning process and management of the city legislature And its purpose is to create healthy and livable environment for all with social justice Nature was the definition of urban management The company all governmental and nongovernmental organizations and people in the process of urban planning And exposure the definition in the context of centralized management And apply to downstream systems Without people interfere in the affairs In other words, planning takes place from top to bottom That is, without recognizing the ability of local resources, Without people interfere in the affairs In other words, planning takes place, from top to bottom That is, without recognizing the ability of local resources Naturally, there will be many problems. In the field of urban management in terms of management procedures (procedural problems) and in terms of the problems in the city (content problems) So planning and management is structurally lacking in social fields - political And development locations in action Is a tool in the hands of the government and focused on national dimensions, material and construction In this structure, Instead of development planning and management is the main obstacle to development so Efforts should be made Has done the right conditions for full participation to decentralization Necessary to meet these demands, the challenge Is a change in attitude as to strengthen local governance in urban management structure And public participation and integrated management Change the structure of a power-sharing system from top to bottom and from bottom to top To find any level. Development and planned individually according to their talents and limitations What takes place in the affairs of the attention and emphasis Nowadays And is presented as a paradigm in the management of cities Taking advantage of good urban governance where in Government, citizens and private entities ،They engage in a process of horizontal and multi- sectoral
Ali Valigholizadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Geographical space of Iran, in spite of geographical and human diversity and its large extent, is managed in the form of a unitary and centralized political- administrative structure. However, the unitary political-administrative structure is (Theoretically) desirable ...
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Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Geographical space of Iran, in spite of geographical and human diversity and its large extent, is managed in the form of a unitary and centralized political- administrative structure. However, the unitary political-administrative structure is (Theoretically) desirable for countries that made up a homogeneous nation and have fewer spatial (geographical-human) Plurality and differences. Moreover, achieving sustainable development is at the forefront of the goals and plans of any state, and development in its common concept should include the equal and relative development of territorial space in all economic, political, cultural and social dimensions. In this regard, experience has shown that the use of the unitary and centralized political - administrative structure as executive mechanism of the country in the geographical dimension and political management of space has led to the formation of unequal power geographies (the evacuation of opportunities and means of power from the periphery - Especially ethnic areas - and their concentration in power centers), which is clearly seen in the development of topography of Iran geographic space on both a national and a regional and local scale. According to this, this paper, with studying the political, economic and cultural dimensions of development in Iran, tries to examines and analyze the effects of centralization on the formation of regional inequality in Iran.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Centralization is a form of political-administrative organization, in which centralization of power and the non-assignment of authority to lower levels of territorial- administrative division cause to make misunderstandings and disproportionate expectations with environmental-geographical capacities and thus the formation of spatial inequality. Usually, these spatial inequalities can be found in: the imbalance between the public and private sectors, due to the excessive body of government’s involvement in affairs and the marginality of local and popular capabilities; sectional inequalities, for example, between services, agriculture and Industry; Social inequalities, for example, between different urban and rural areas; geographical-population inequalities among different regions of the country; Inequalities between different dimensions of development, ie, the unbalanced backwardness and improvement of development in various political, economic, cultural and social dimensions; Economic inequalities, for example, the gap between the modern and traditional sectors of the economy, between the income levels of different population groups; regional inequalities, such as imbalances between marginal areas and development poles; as well as inequalities in development geography, including the imbalance between population and resources / available opportunities, saturated spaces, capacious spaces, pristine and forgotten spaces / ie, abandoned spaces, or, in other words, the areas of interest and neglected spaces.
3- METHODOLOGY
The method of this research, based on its theoretical nature, is descriptive-analytical, and for collecting research findings, library resources are often used. Also, in order to better understand the issue, the level of development or spatial inequalities between the provinces of Iran during the years 1986, 1996, 2006 has been studied, And in general, evaluating a set of different indicators in the political, economic and cultural sectors and according to the resulted from the statistics available for each province, the status of each province is identified in the framework of descriptive maps in terms of political, economic and cultural development at the level of Iran, as well as of calculation of the integrated development of the examined indexes.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In this paper, the spatial inequality is considered as the difference in development leves between different regions of Iran. This paper examines the issue of spatial inequality in Iran in three areas of political, economic, and cultural development in relation to the effects of the political uitary system and centralization. As, the study and analysis of the findings of this paper shows that despite the diverse ethnic, religious and ecological-geographical attributes in Iran, in the unitary and centralized structure of Iran, assuming homogeneous country's space (especially cultural); use of the single law for the whole country, uniform implementation of laws in the country on the basis of the homogeneous geographic space and the nation; centrality in the process of planning and budget and expenditures of the country (especially economic); regulation and control over all institutions and organizations under central government; applying political decisions and legislation in the center; ignoring geographical differences in national policies; establishment of a top-down stream of rule and the role of local institutions under the control of the central government in all political, economic and cultural spheres have led to the formation of unequal geographies of power (the evacuation of opportunities and means of power from the periphery - especially the ethnic areas - and their centralization in power focuses) in Iran, and the current process continues, despite the relative and very low adjustment.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
According to the results of this study, the origin of many of the spatial problems in Iran must be sought in the nature of this structure (Centralization). So that, this structure can be regarded as a painful disease and the greatest problem of spatial structure and spatial organization process (political-economic-cultural) in Iran. This clothing has sewn for the territorial body of Iran in the Persian Constitutional Revolution Era through developing of a political Centralization aimed at establishing political unity in Iran, and is still the only political, economic, and cultural clothing of Iran spatial structure. Of course, today's in Iran, the structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran is not legally centralized in nature, since its constitution opened the way out of centralization and the constitution of Iran offers a great capacity and capabilities to escape from this painful disease and resolve spatial inequalities are present in Iran's geography, and indeed, very geographical-ecological realities of Iran are considered in the constitution., especially useing the geographic knowledge and insights. Thus, apparently, the origin of the continuity of the centralization clothing on the geographical body of Iran, from past to the present, can be sought in the lack of geographic knowledge and insight in the nature of macro and micro decision-making, and in other words, the type of operation of the Iranian space management system. However, centralization is a fact of Iran spatial structure that can not be denied by any means. Reality which even now has become a dominant paradigm in the eyes of the government, the academic community, and public opinion in Iran, and apparently there is simply no way out of it.
