Abolfazl Kavandi kateb; Mohammad Reza Hafeznia; Hatam Qaderi; Qolamhossein Qolamhosseinzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The political management of space is the study of the methods of administration, control, observation and track in geographic space. The political administration of geographic space in different scales is intended to realize the goals from the strategic point of view, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The political management of space is the study of the methods of administration, control, observation and track in geographic space. The political administration of geographic space in different scales is intended to realize the goals from the strategic point of view, considering the physical, demographic and economic limitations. The political management of the space has been focused in this paper at the national level. The state is the most important political organization representing the people with the broadest goals and duties, and it is responsible for the accurate performance of national policies. In fact, the state is formed to serve the people and administrate the space; it is responsible for supplying the needs of people. Thus, the high performance of the state in all sections is considered and has been focused in all political theories. The duties and principles of the political management of space at the national level have brought theoretical and practical achievements, and different theories are formed in this relation as such.
The political management of space at the national level has both fixed and variable patterns. In the fixed pattern, the states' fundamental goals include independency, territorial integrity, the optimal political management of the state, foreign policy, national interests, the state and citizens identity; the increase in the national power; state security, the role of observation, the political management of space, the creation of state communicational network, organization, planning, development, the establishment of geographic and social justice, the optimal management of the environment, and the creation of public welfare that are common among different states. In the variable pattern, the political management of the space, dependent on the state political system, different patterns such as centralized, federal and etc. are effective in the state administration. Nine factors are effective in the political management of the space, including political system and decision making organs, dominant political thought and ideology, social, economic, administrative and cultural systems, geographic and geopolitical characteristics, and the international system. Regarding the above factors, different patterns of the political management of space are formed in different states within different periods.
The research is intended to investigate and compare the indexes and duties of the political management of national space from the view point of different theories to propose a new model. Most of the humanities majors have focused on issues such as how to construct a state, manage it optimally, and survive it in a global anarchic situation. In spite of scientific developments and the propose of new definitions of indexes and common patterns to manage the state optimally and development of the state, there are different patterns of governing. But the states share the same interests in this relation. Although many of the goals are common among the states, some of them are prioritized by the states and are seen as vital goals, while some of them are neglected due to the state's situations.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytic and the indexes and the functional duties of political system are framed in six main indexes. These indexes include vital, political, economic, cultural, social, and geographic goals. Each of these main indexes has some subsets; therefore, 41 indexes are proposed in a model called circular model. Although the states have different goals and duties, all of them can be placed and developed in this model. The indexes are extracted after considering and criticizing different theories of political management of the national and functional space of the state.
Conclusion
The circular model proposes the priorities, strategies, and goals of the political management of state. In the first circle, vital goals are placed, which are characterized considering the current and perpetual priorities and the needs of the society. Then, the circles from (a) to (∞) are depicted based on the priorities. To consider s systematic point of view regarding the priorities, being radial is another characteristic of the model which can cover all the priorities and goals of the state and society, because priorities would be different and cover all the facets. The goals and priorities located in inner circles are more important than others. Priorities of place can be changed due to the time and place requirements, and they are relocated from center to infinity or infinity to the center. The level of success for the state depends on realizing all the fundamental goals optimally. In fact, the success of each state shows its power and development.
Hossein Rabiei; Sakar Shirzad
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of Iraq was a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. It was separated from Ottoman Empire in the absence of Raison d’etre and with the wide variety of ethnic and religious identities, and it appeared as an independent ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of Iraq was a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. It was separated from Ottoman Empire in the absence of Raison d’etre and with the wide variety of ethnic and religious identities, and it appeared as an independent state on the political map of the world. According to many researchers, Iraq has been divided based on its linguistic (Kurds and Arabs) and religious (Shiites and Sunnis) groups since the emergence of its modern state. The heterogeneous population of Iraq has made this nation-state deprived of having a cause for existence, the common political ideal, and other factors of nation-building. Thus, from the beginning Iraq has either undergone a coup d'état or has been involved in civil wars or conflict with its neighbors. It seems that the political process necessary to turn Iraq into a united and integrated country has not been well executed, and foreign interferences have always been part of the political destiny of this country.
Theoretical Framework
The framework of this paper is based on the theory of Rosenthal and Cohen. Rosenthal and Cohen argue that the three factors of time, space, and political process can form a country. The two main factors of geographical space and political process shape the country and the cause of the establishment of the state over time. Based on this theory, political actors create political processes by understanding the human conditions and the characteristics of a country; therefore, local and human conditions are the basis of the formation of countries. The concepts of nation-building and the Raison d’etre are also described in this paper.
Methodology
In this research, the process of nation-building in Iraq has been examined by investigating the establishment of Iraq, its cultural and humanitarian conditions, and the process of nation-building and foreign interferences in this country. The basis for evaluating and analyzing this article is Rosenthal and Cohen's theory, which focuses on time, space, and political process. To evaluate this hypothesis, various data from valid library sources have been collected and evaluated using deductive and inductive arguments based on the theory of Rosenthal and Cohen.
Results and discussion
The emergence of Iraq was a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. The series of notes between Britain, France and Russia in 1916, later referred to as the Sykes Pico Agreement, was the basis for the founding of Iraq. Therefore, Iraq is the result of the will of the outside powers and does not have strong national and popular foundations. From the viewpoint of many writers, this country is an artificial one that has been divided since its emergence. Different ethnic and religious groups such as Kurds and Shiites have always been in conflict with the central government. Before the collapse of Saddam's rule, Iraq was the land of coups and rapid political changes. In an important part of his history, he has been involved with authoritarian rules. Therefore, he did not have the necessary stability and peace to carry out the process of nation-building or the will and democracy necessary to reach such a point. Despite the efforts made to establish a solid social link between the people of the country, there are still some individuals who believe that one cannot speak of a person called the Iraqi nation. In fact, it is possible to speak of a country called Iraq, but speaking of an Iraqi nation is not possible yet. Rosenthal and Cohen argue that the three factors of time, space, and political process can form a country. Iraq is a new state in terms of time. Iraq has not had enough time to pursue political processes, such as political perception of place, nationalism, territoriality, area interaction, intra system connectivity, and so on. The geographical space of this country is also divided, and it is interesting that the cultural variations mentioned above are aligned with these geographical differences. The political process is the third dimension of the theory. Since the nation-building of this country, the political perception of place and the functional organization of space have not been properly carried out; therefore, the political process has not been able to perform well according to Rosenthal and Cohen's theory, and the construction of this state is not complete.
Samira Chenari; Mahmuod Vasegh; Zeynab Farnam
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
One of the main elements of the life is water. Water is the most important part of the survival and life, which in case of shortage, an inherent competition and conflict on it will be raised among different geographical residents. No country will maintain its economic ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
One of the main elements of the life is water. Water is the most important part of the survival and life, which in case of shortage, an inherent competition and conflict on it will be raised among different geographical residents. No country will maintain its economic and political stability unless being sure of its water resources. Since Iran is located in the dry and semi-arid region of the world, it has always faced sever limited water resources to meet its population needs in different parts. Given the level of precipitation as well as unequal distribution of water resources in different parts of the country, the water resources and the optimal management of these resources has become important for Iran, as well, it turn to a Hydro-politic issue. Hydro-politic issues of Iran in a national scale are formed under the influence of national policies and the water resource management. The water transfer solution from regions with a high water level to dry regions is considered as the most important options for the water management in Iran. Regardless of economic and technical problems, This issue in Iran has always faced the social and political implications within the framework of the crisis and Hydro-politics challenges.
Theoretical Framework
Hydro-politics, as an important subject of political geography which examines the role of water in political behaviors, consists of different approaches such as conflict and collaboration, conflict and interaction among individuals and groups. It has been defined as the efforts to exercise the domination and exclusive use of water resources. The Hydro-politics can be explained as the study of conflicts and collaboration on the distribution of water resources among political units, or the study of the interactions of political units on the water resources at the local, national and regional levels, accordingly the concepts of Hydro-politics challenges at the local, national and regional scales will be formed. Therefore, if there is a Imbalance between water supply and the intensity of its demand in the place, then a crisis would be arisen and when this imbalance cannot be solved using a managerial strategy, then the Interaction would be replaced the conflict, and the Hydropolitics would be formed either in the local dimension and in the national or global dimensions.
Methodology
The present study was conducted through the descriptive-analytical approach to answer the following question, "How has the water transfer in Iran become a Hydro-politics challenge?"
Discussion
The management of water resources of Iran with a centralized and governmental structure, along with tangible and intangible policies, has led the water shortage to be changed into water crisis and eventually, has created the Hydropolitics challenges in Iran. The water shortage and crisis are the important concepts in Hydro-politics. They have a fundamental role in forming the Hydro-politics challenges. The water crisis on a national scale can cause stress and conflicts. These stresses have been resulted from water shortage in the central regions of Iran, for example, Isfahan, Yazd, Kerman and their adjacent regions with a relatively high water level in Zagros Mountains. In the other words, the Hydro-politic challenges in the central regions of Iran are formed based on the sustainability of the water crisis in these areas.
Since water is considered as a national property and capital in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, then the government and the ministry of power have the authority to solve the inter-sectional problems. Therefore, a centralized management of using the water resources has been formed without the participation of local institutions. Water transfer from regions with relatively good hydrologic power in Iran to places with a water shortage without consideration of its social, political and economic consequences, particularly the lack of attention to Iran's political geography regionalism, would be caused intense local and regional competition on the acquisition of water resources. It also leads to the negative political activities of people and authorities.
Conclusion
This study has evaluated the Hydro-Politic factors of water transfer. It has been concluded that in spite of the fundamental limitations and water resources shortage in Iran, the Hydro-Politic challenges of water transfer have been caused by the weaknesses of management and tangible and intangible policy makings in the management of water resources. The negative political regionalism is among the main effective factors on the political activism. If these actions and challenges continue, then they would have negative social, economic and political and ultimately security consequences.
Kazem Ramezani; Ebrahim Roomina; Omran Alizadeh; Rahim Sarwar
Abstract
One of the Important issues in environmental geopolitics is the environmental challenges of water spaces. Among the water spaces, the Caspian Sea in northern Iran has become very important due to the geographical location and the existence of living resources and hydrocarbons. The collapse of the Soviet ...
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One of the Important issues in environmental geopolitics is the environmental challenges of water spaces. Among the water spaces, the Caspian Sea in northern Iran has become very important due to the geographical location and the existence of living resources and hydrocarbons. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new coastal states on the margin of the Caspian Sea have led the Caspian Sea to be more affected by numerous pollutants through unbridled harvesting of its living resources and the existence of oil resources and transmission networks. These conditions have encountered a Caspian Sea with an ecological crisis.
In the last two centuries human activities have negative consequences on the environment and its resources. This has led to widespread reactions to environmental challenges. In areas like the Caspian Sea, where economic benefits are gained through natural and mineral resources, the process of environmental protection is of paramount importance. Therefore, many environmental factors target this area, each of which can be eroded in such a way that ultimately the possibility of exploiting the sea is discarded or costly.
This research is descriptive-analytic and according to the type and nature of the subject, the data and information required by the library and field method has been collected. And for data analysis, the SWOT model has been used.
The findings of the research have been extracted and developed in two parts of documentary-library and field in relation to the ecological challenges of the Caspian Sea. include:
- Pollution of Caspian oil and gas
- Pollution from maritime transport
- Pollution with industrial origin
- Urban sewage
- Pollution by agricultural origin
- Pollution from the origin of tourism and destroying landscapes\
- Excessive exploitation of sea resources
- Natural threats.
Due to field studies and library as well as the opinions of experts in this field as well as the nature of the exploration of the hypothesis corresponding to the second question regarding the formulation of appropriate strategies, the SWOT method has been used.
The results of this research show that the national interests of Iran are affected by economic actions and unconcerned perceptions of living and fossil resources, and the entry of various pollutants from the Peripheral countries Based on the findings of the analytical model used in this research, it is important to address the challenges opposite of adopting a conservative strategy at the national level and to form a regional, regional-based regional environment.
Seyyed Hadi Zarghani; Mahdi Badakhshan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Electoral geography discusses "the geographical aspects of elections and referendums, the organization of such events (particularly their results), and the cultural and economic conditions at different local, regional, and national levels" (Moyer, 2000, p. 225). The ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Electoral geography discusses "the geographical aspects of elections and referendums, the organization of such events (particularly their results), and the cultural and economic conditions at different local, regional, and national levels" (Moyer, 2000, p. 225). The Elections are one of the main manifestations of democracy in the modern era, and it has become more important than ever with respect to the role of people in determining rulers. Democracy is known as the lawful management of a political society which is executed through the mechanism of transferring the population's will to governance for the administration of countries; thus, elections are indeed considered as the most significant manifestation of democracy. An extensive spectrum of situational and geographical factors influences electoral decisions, and, in general, each study discusses only one aspect of this spectrum. In fact, the outcome of various elections is influenced by spatial and geographical variables at individual and social levels. Additionally, there are factors and actors at local, regional, national, and even international levels which affect the outcome of elections.
Theoretical Framework
The geography of election is one of the branches of political geography focusing on geographical regions as the platform for electing representatives at local, regional, and national levels. The most important electoral geography constituencies are comprised of factors such as "the spatial organization of elections, the spatial diversity of voting patterns, and the relationship with the demographical indexes, the effect of environmental and spatial factors on the voters’ decisions, the spatial patterns of representation, and the role of components such as power and politics in voting patterns" (Kavianirad, 2013, p. 34). In fact, the geography of election focuses on various geographical aspects of elections, and referendums and their organization and results in particular while considering the cultural, economic, and other conditions influential at various local, regional, and national levels. the spatial analysis of election results can offer a specific spatial perspective to determine the approach of each constituency for the candidates, as well as the elections, and also to better identify the factors affecting the voting process (Zarghani & Razavinejad, 2013).
Methodology
The present study is considered as a descriptive-analytical research. Data collection was carried out using library and document studies. The geographic, economic, political, cultural, and social variables are considered to affect the people's vote and the voting pattern of candidates. The neighborhood, as well as the ethnic and religious characteristics, is one of the most important factors affecting the candidates' voting pattern. This study analyzes the role of the three variables of neighborhood, religion and the rural and urban residence on the voting pattern of candidates of the tenth parliamentary election based on authoritative library resources and statistical data in Qayenat and Zirkouh electoral areas.
Results and Discussion
There are various factors and variables involved in people’s decision for voting in favor of one or more candidates from among a number of candidates. In fact, during the process of elections, voting patterns for candidate in elections are a function of components such as the candidates’ characteristics and individual features, as well as political, economic, and sociocultural macro variables and finally the characteristics and personal features of voters. For example, personal characteristics such as age, gender, education, religious beliefs, ethnicity, and spatial attachment might play a role in the person’s decision for voting in favor of a certain candidate. Other effective variables are dependent on the personal characteristics of the candidate, and finally the political, economic, ideological, cultural, and social variables – in both macro and micro scales – can influence citizens’ electoral behaviors.
In fact, variables such as age, gender, degree of education, ethnicity and religion, economic status of voters, and the individual and personality characteristics of the candidates including gender, educational level, power of expression, background and social status, executive and management background, ethnic ties and economic base have a significant influence on the number of people voting for candidates. Finally, more general economic, social and political variables such as governments and other policies and actions of actors, religious leaders and ethnic groups are also influential in this regard.
Conclusion
The results of this study as well as other similar studies on the spatial analysis of parliamentary votes in Iran show that the following factors influence Iranian people’s electoral behavior, ultimately leading to the formation of different voting patterns for the candidates, including ethnicity and ethnic groups’ behavior, religious and ideological variables, the neighborhood variable and the effect of birthplace, the economic variable and the type of economic base, and personal and personality traits of both the voters and the candidates. The research results in the form of tables and maps indicate that the neighborhood variable plays an effective role in the voting pattern of candidates. In addition, the religion factor and Sunni religious minority have also been effective in their voting pattern so that Sunnis are more likely to welcome the reformist candidates similar to presidential elections. Finally, despite the difference in the number of candidates’ votes in urban and rural areas, voters' residency in urban and rural areas has no significant effect on the voting pattern independently, and this variable is influenced by other factors, including the neighborhood, ethnic, regional, and religious variables.
Mohsen Janparvar; Arash Ghorbani Sepehr; Mohammad Reza Mirshekari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The link between crises and security in geographic spaces is the most important reason for the study of crises. During the 21st century, the changes and developments were found to be significant in the type and form of crises. Thus, today's world is seeing crises ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The link between crises and security in geographic spaces is the most important reason for the study of crises. During the 21st century, the changes and developments were found to be significant in the type and form of crises. Thus, today's world is seeing crises more rooted and more fundamental than the past, which not only control them in limited spaces and systems of sovereignty, but also in different ways. He said that he has become a global crisis and has emerged to form new forms of local, national, regional and even global crises. Due to the high importance of these basic crises in the security of societies and at different levels of local, national, regional and global, this article attempts to identify the most important and fundamental crises. By identifying these basic crises, it will provide the context for planning and developing strategies for dealing with them for security at a variety of local, national, regional and global levels.
Theoretical Framework
The term security as a general concept encompasses all aspects and dimensions of human life and is linked to the survival of the soul and the preservation of human life and existence. Indeed, security is a guarantee of the life and survival of humans and living beings. All creatures are in the struggle for their survival and healthy life, and security is the key to provide this vital need. Depending on the variables and factors affecting the survival and healthy human life, security has different dimensions. In other words, the preservation of existence, the healthy and peaceful life of humans is dependent on providing all their material and spiritual needs, which if not provided or there is a defect in supplying it, healthy life and human existence are challenged and threatened. Therefore, the immediate need for security and its concept in the human mind is formed in relation to the needs encountered with a bottleneck. From a systemic view, the crisis is thus defined as a situation that disrupts the order of the main system or parts of it, which is called a sub system, and disrupts its stability. In other words, a crisis is a situation that creates a sudden change in one or more parts of the system's variables, but it cannot be exactly claimed that a systemic crisis will change the situation.
Methodology
The main method of this study, based on its theoretical nature, is descriptive-analytical. Based on this, in this research, in addition to accurately illustrating the concept of research security, it has been attempted to elaborate and explain the basic crises of the 21st century. To gather information in this research, library and internet resources have been used.
Findings and Discussion
During recent decades, the flow of developments and changes indicate that a geographical space at different scales from local to world has undergone extensive changes. In many ways, these transformations have encountered geographic spaces or, in general, the world with various crises. The recognition and management of the emerging crises directly related to the community security requires an attitude of research security. Having this attitude, the attitude of research security to issues over the last decade, is one of the urgent requirements that scientific and practical societies must progress towards in order to reduce and manage issues and future crises in a way. In order to achieve this goal, the recognition of basic crises is the first step which communities have encountered with during this century. In this sense, the present study has attempted to discuss and analyze the most important crises facing human societies. And the initial step was to recognize the entry into the research safety issues. In various sources, the studies carried out by the researchers have shown that although today's societies are confronted with several crises such as war, climate change, terrorism, etc., the most important and basic emerging crises of human societies, which has a prominent position in order to organize them in different ways in geographic spaces, includes six crises: climate change, food, water, energy, forest, and sustainable cities.
These six crises in the present century provide the basis for the challenges and challenges of human societies in different levels and spaces, and provide the basis for shaping conflicts, conflicts and, in other words, other crises in different geographic areas. It should be noted that these crises interact and interact with each other and affect each other and affect each other. In general, it can be mentioned that if investigative security as a special study area in the context of the 21st century crisis affects geographic spaces in different ways and can provide the optimum space for organizing, it must be able to speak in different ways in the basic arena. According to this, recognizing these six basic crises can be the first step in moving towards achieving the basic purpose of the field of investigative security studies.
Morad Kavianirad; Moslem Namdarzade; Mohammad Amin Golshan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A major portion of individuals’ actions and behaviors in societies is a function of their mentality and perception of the present situation. According to environmental perception, the role of people’s mentality and interpretation involves the organization of environment’s ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
A major portion of individuals’ actions and behaviors in societies is a function of their mentality and perception of the present situation. According to environmental perception, the role of people’s mentality and interpretation involves the organization of environment’s physical elements, and orientation towards development and security. Meanwhile, given their vastness and high numbers in population, countries are different in terms of regional diversity (geological and cultural) where the notions of national solidarity and territorial cohesion are driven by regionalist forces. During the recent decade, the south-east of Iran, which is home to the Baloch Tribe, has been facing a number of unsafe regional events due to its special geographical location as well as being at the vicinity of unstable geopolitical factors. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to examine the existing environmental factors (human and natural) in forming a mentality (i.e. environmental perception) regarding the emergence and continuity of regionalism within south-east of Iran.
The approach used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method and the required data and information were collected through library studies along with surveys (questionnaires). According to the analysis of data, the result of the study showed that the environmental perception risen from the components of political participation, economic underdevelopment, interactions with the Indian subcontinent, and religious regionalism have led to a set of intertwined consequences at the regional, national, and local levels, playing a significant role in the target society’s perception of regionalism.
Methodology
The present study was conducted through the descriptive-analytical approach, and the data collection was carried out using library studies and surveys (questionnaires). In this study, four variables including weak political participation and economic underdevelopment adjacent to the Indian subcontinent and religious regionalism were selected as the indices for testing the hypotheses of the study all of which could affect the regional security of Sistan and Balochestan Province. A set of components were also taken into account so as to evaluate the indices. The Likert scale was also used to evaluate the extent of agreement. In order to analyze the findings of the study, particularly testing the hypothesis, the chi-square test was employed.
Findings and Discussion
In the present study, four variables including weak political participation and economic underdevelopment adjacent to the Indian subcontinent, and religious regionalism were selected as the indices for testing the hypotheses. A number of components were also considered in order to evaluate the indices. The Likert scale was used to assess the extent of agreement along with the chi-square test.
In the present research, the role of environmental structures (human and natural) in shaping mentality (environmental perception) and the occurrence of regionalism in south-east of Iran is explored. Such a role is carried out through formulating the hypothesis of environmental structures (political participation, economic underdevelopment, interaction with the Indian subcontinent and religious regionalism) at a local, national and subnational scales in shaping mentality (environmental perception) and the occurrence of regionalism in south-east of Iran as a result of the environmental structures . The following results were obtained using the gathered library and field data according to the analysis of the findings of the study and testing the variables of hypothesis. The findings showed that the factors influencing the emergence of regionalist mentality in Sistan and Baluchestan Province was weak participation in all aspects, such as political, economic, social, etc.
The weak political participation in the region (participation in election component) was particularly frequent according to the analysis of the finding; however, it seemed to be the result of a) decreased national solidarity as a result of weak participation of Sunnis in matters related to the province and the country, b) the pessimistic mentality of Sunnis toward the authorities’ approaches and actions at the region and the province.
Furthermore, using the chi-square test, the impact of variables including a) economic underdevelopment, b) adjacent to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and Afghanistan), and c) religious regionalism as well as related components were examined. The findings showed that all of these variables and components were affected by regionalism. Accordingly, the results obtained from analyzing the variables of the study demonstrate that weak political participation and economic underdevelopment have paved the way for a confidence crisis in south-east of Iran, influencing the security of said region during the past two decades. The negative perspective of people regarding the performance and functionality of the government is due to lack of attention to the establishment of border markets, development of free economic zones and employment rise, reduction in attracting domestic and foreign tourists as a result of weak security, decrease in national and international investment due to weak security and the residents’ inability in catering for their livelihood needs due to the economic underdevelopment of the region.
On the other hand, though being a neighbor to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan) and Afghanistan could result in the cultural influence of Iran, it has also led to the interference of foreign agents in Iran’s domestic affairs, which is usually one of the ways through which nationalist and regionalist thoughts could penetrate into the country. Subsequently, the lingual and religious consistency (Baluchi language and Hanafi religion) has provided a context for interaction between south-eastern Iran and the Indian subcontinent, i.e. Pakistan and Afghanistan; As a result, the religious regionalism movements are formed in this part of the country while influencing the security of the region.
Various ethnicities and religious minorities are accommodated in the most sensitive strategic areas of the country at the border lines which continues beyond the borders and outside the national governments area of influence. Consequently, south-eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan) is located at the Golden Crescent area (a location that is inaccessible by the three governments of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, becoming the main passage for drug gangs, heroin production and arms trafficking) transformed into a gathering location for fundamentalist terrorists following the debacle of Taliban in Afghanistan, which possibly leads to the formation of profound platforms for regionalism in the area of the study.
