نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
جغرافیای سیاسی علمی است که با تلفیق بینش های سیاسی و جبر حاکم بر محیط جغرافیایی ، نگرشی متفاوت و واقع بینانه بر ساختارهای سیاسی حکومت ها ارائه می دهد.این علم با رکن قراردادن مولفه های سرزمین، ملت، هویت و حکومت ، به اهمیت موضوع بر اساس ساختار جغرافیای کشورها می پردازد.گرچه از قرن هفدهم میلادی و با انعقاد قرارداد صلح وستفالیا، تأسیس حکومتهای سرزمینی و شکلگیری دولتهای قوی ، به یک پارادایم غالب جهانی تبدیل شد اما با توجه به کارکرد حکومت های اقتدار گرا ،طولی نکشید که حاکمیت از پادشاهان مطلق نگر به ملتها بر مبنای قاعده انتخاب ، تفویض شد و ملتها مسئول تشکیل دولت های ملی شدند و حاکمیت ملی را در اختیار گرفتند. این پدیده با کیفیت مختلف در سرتاسر جهان به انجام رسید و هر حکومتی مدعی است که از طرف ملت خود به حاکمیت رسیده و در تلاش است تا با تقویت بنیه فکری ملت خویش، پایههای حکومت خود را بیش از پیش مستحکم کند؛ بررسی ساختار حکومت ها در منطقه غرب آسیا که بخشی از گستره تمدنی جهان اسلام به شمار می آید، با چالشهای اساسی در باب حکمرانی مواجه است. در این مقاله با بهره گیری از توصیف- تحلیل در سه باب موضوعی جغرافیای سیاسی – مبانی حکومت اسلامی و مولفه های هویت زا چالشهای موجود در باب حکمرانی مطلوب مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. به نظر میرسد که اندیشه سیاسی اسلام، با ایجاد تردید در شاخص هایی که به حکومت ملت پایه میانجامد، آنها را به رسمیت نشناخته و مبانی و شاخصه هایی متفاوت از آنچه که مطرح است ارائه مینماید. شاخص هایی که از نص صریح قرآن، شیوه حکومتی پیامبر اکرم(ص) و تعالیم ائمه اطهار(ع) گرفته شده و همگی بر نقش مستقیم خداوند در حاکمیت مطلق بر جهان و تأسیس حکومت بر اساس محورهای دینی و عقیدتی دلالت دارد. بنابراین، به دلیل تفاوت و اختلاف ماهوی میان اندیشه سیاسی اسلام و اندیشه سیاسی اومانیستی غرب، اصلیترین مجموعه چالشهای اسلام در بحث حکومت، مؤلفه هایی است که مبانی حکومت ملتپایه به طور سنتی را تشکیل میدهد. از این منظر نگاهی چالشی بر اساس استدلال های مبانی محور و تطبیق آن با نگرش های نوین جغرافیای سیاسی در باب حکومت – ملت به موضوع بر این نوشتار حاکم است.
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