ehsan lashgari
Abstract
Extended abstractIntroductionIn geographic sciences, one of the most important schools of methodology is the school of positivism. This school has been had a special function in concepts production in geographic sciences, including political geography. Political geographers affected by the positivism ...
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Extended abstractIntroductionIn geographic sciences, one of the most important schools of methodology is the school of positivism. This school has been had a special function in concepts production in geographic sciences, including political geography. Political geographers affected by the positivism school believed that the interactions between politics and space will lead particular spatial form and processes Which can be studied only within the framework of this school. One of the consequences of applying positivism is to create the potential for classifying and enclosing space and constructing a geographic scale based on the performance of government / country. In this research, has been struggled to introduce a new category of how to understand the relationship between politics and geographic space in the positivism methodology within framework of scale. Methodology This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this research were struggled with descriptive and analytical approaches, in first step was defined space concept and cognition. Then, the space definition has been accorded with characteristics of post positivism cognition school. Result and discussion The conceptual content of politics has a special feature Which makes it possible to achieve recognition of space in a specific pattern of positivism. In addition, the political construction of a geographic scale on two national scale including a state / country and transnational scale including the trans-national scale make different patterns for studying of the relationship between politics and space. The results of these approaches are as follows:A- Political Geography as Territorial GovernanceNational sovereignty remains as most influential force in knowing how national and sub-national areas operate. Because the prioritization and allocation of resources influenced by the ruling political institutions and do not follow similar processes among different countries and generalization inductive thinking about it is not feasible. Because with the change of political perspectives and with the advent of new leaders, gradually the natural and human dimensions of the geographic space on the scale of the country are changing and evolving. This view sought to combine space studies with development topics and emphasize the fact that spatial structures have discoverable features that can be used in spatial organization. But one of the philosophical foundations of changes in the various dimensions of space is the change and rebuilding of policies and the replacement of new forces in decision making place and implementation these policies in the all level especially at the level of the nation-state. this process is considered by political geography studying.B- Geopolitics as a territoriality of sovereignty in transnational scaleIn the territory of a country the sovereignty is highest power of ordering, which is based on the social contract theory to organize and control the territoriality behaviors of human and social classes in competition with each other. But there is no such organizing force in the metropolitan area, and the victory in power-based competition determines the extent of state domination. But in the international space there is no such organizing force and victory in competitions determines the limits of state domination. Thus, the most territoriality behaviors objective organized by states. From this perspective, human-made and natural data in relations between countries can be created the motivation for territoriality and these behaviors will not be stopped unless the another could be stopped them from the acting. Geopolitics provides The geographic framework for understanding the conflicts between countries and regional bloc and explains territoriality behaviors of countries based on natural and human geographic data. Finally, studying the consequences these process. On the other hand, because of the geopolitical conceptual nature, geopolitical experts can not necessarily use the empirical approach in recognizing this relationship. In other words, geopolitics in its content have non – quantitative nature and experts should be use from deductive approaches. Because in recognizing the geopolitical importance of the regions, qualitative factors such as political economy, ideology and social origins of political leaders, etc., also have an effect that does not have the capacity to become quantitative indicators. Historically, attention to the views of many geopolitical scholars has shown that geopolitical explanations by them, have been created by deductive approaches. Therefore, gaining more power by governments depends on how they pursue the appropriate geopolitical policies.ConclusionFindings research reveals that the elements of geographical space have a systematic and systematic nature in the positivist but two national and sub-national scale have different content with transnational scale. In other words, in the context of positivism, the study of the political dimension of the geographical space is different in two national and transnational political scales. In a national scale, recognizing the relationship between politics and space within the borders of a country includes national and sub-national scales. But in the transnational scale, relationship between sovereignty and space is the result of a kind of territorialism that exists between countries and builds geopolitical concepts and ideas. Moreover, since politic, both national and sub-national and transnational, contain elements and components that have little quantitative capability, consequently, researchers should be paid more attention to positivism. Therefore, applied geopolitical studies have been more widely considered in the positivism methodology. Because the explanation in the methodological dimension takes on operational dimensions when propositions are referred to the objective world.
Political Geography
Mostafa Sarabi Torbat Heydarieh; Hamid Reza Mohammadi; Alireza Mehrabi
Abstract
Foreign policy is the use of political influence to persuade other countries to exercise their legislative power in the manner desired by the respective government. Geopolitics is a branch of geography and political science that deals with the planning of a country's security policy based on geographical ...
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Foreign policy is the use of political influence to persuade other countries to exercise their legislative power in the manner desired by the respective government. Geopolitics is a branch of geography and political science that deals with the planning of a country's security policy based on geographical factors. By analyzing these factors, geopolitics assesses the existing spheres of power and tries to relate a country's policy to them. Therefore, knowing these factors is essential in explaining the foreign policy of a country. In this article, with the analytical-descriptive method and the fuzzy Delphi technique, 11 academic and political elites have been selected in a snowball method to identify the fundamental geopolitical variables effective in foreign policy. The results of this research indicate that the geopolitical components affecting foreign policy are classified into two main categories, tangible and intangible. The tangible indicators are: (1) geographical location (2) population and manpower (3) natural resources (4) industrial and agricultural production capacity (5) military power. Intangible indicators are: (1) political, economic and social structure (2) educational and technical level (3) national spirit (4) international strategic position. Therefore, as long as there is politics in the world, geopolitics will remain an important consideration and influence in foreign policy.
Political Geography
Javad Jamali; vahid sinaee; Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi; Mahdi najafzadeh
Abstract
The Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979), made purposeful efforts to modernize Iran by government and social forces. Researches that have been usually done in this regard have mainly emphasized on the role of the government and oil revenues in the development process. Although the role of government institutions ...
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The Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979), made purposeful efforts to modernize Iran by government and social forces. Researches that have been usually done in this regard have mainly emphasized on the role of the government and oil revenues in the development process. Although the role of government institutions cannot be denied, developmental social forces also played an important positive role in this process. The relationship between the government and social forces, and the role of this relationship in advancing modernization in the Pahlavi era is the main question of this article.we believe Pahlavi as a strong developmental state could attract the cooperation of social forces that supported development, especially the intellectuals, the new middle class and bureaucrats.and could curb the social forces who were against development, and succeeded in advancing development . But at the end of Pahlavi's life, the gap between these social forces and the government led to the fall of the government and the halting of the development process.The theoretical framework of this article was formed by the critical look to Leftwich Developmental State theory. The article’s data have also been collected and analyzed in a documentary-library form.
Political Geography
Yashar Zaki; Javad Gholami
Abstract
The essence and nature of geopolitics is inextricably linked with power. All countries compete with each other in multiple systems crystallized from geopolitical theories for survival and promotion in the hierarchical structure of power. China since 2013. And following the rapid economic growth, in order ...
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The essence and nature of geopolitics is inextricably linked with power. All countries compete with each other in multiple systems crystallized from geopolitical theories for survival and promotion in the hierarchical structure of power. China since 2013. And following the rapid economic growth, in order to strengthen his position in the new world order, he launched an initiative called "New Silk Road" or "Belt and Road Initiative" and in the years after that, with maximum effort, he pursued the conquest of this project in It is a universal rule. The joining of many countries to this plan, along with the growing power of China, has caused the concern of other world powers as well. Therefore, to compete with this project, the European Union proposed the "World Gate Plan" and is looking for its planning and implementation. This issue has caused the formation of a geopolitical competition at the international level. The current research with an analytical-explanatory nature by studying the documents of the mentioned plans along with other Persian and Latin sources with a qualitative research method seeks to investigate the geopolitical competition between the mentioned plans. The findings of the research show that the creators of these geopolitical plans with global networking and focusing on ports and seas and the energy issue seek to develop their values on a global scale. After examining the differences and commonalities of the projects and the challenges ahead, it was determined that "the strategic depth of the geopolitical competition of both projects is the African continent".
Political Geography
Fahimeh Moravejirad; hadi azami; seyed hadi zarghani
Abstract
Political management of space is a process that is done consciously and gives a special order to the political structure of a country. Political management of space in order to organize the territorial territory and effectively use material and spiritual forces to achieve predetermined goals. The research ...
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Political management of space is a process that is done consciously and gives a special order to the political structure of a country. Political management of space in order to organize the territorial territory and effectively use material and spiritual forces to achieve predetermined goals. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection has been done in two types: documentary and field. Smart PLS software was used to analyze the data in this study. The results in the "environmental" dimension showed that the highest average level to the index of "water resources control" with the amount of "3.58", in the "managerial" dimension to the index of "active state of border markets" with the amount of "3.91", in the dimension "Economic" to the index "Development of tourist attractions" with the rate of "3.54", in the dimension of "smuggling control" to the index of "control of fuel smuggling in border areas" with the rate of "3.01", in the dimension of "public participation" to the index of "absorption" Public participation in the identification of "border smugglers" with a rate of "3.54"; In the "social" dimension to the index "control of poverty among residents of border areas" with a value of "3.83", in the dimension of "political and military factors" to the index of "control of illegal movement" with a value of "3.54", in the dimension of "infrastructure" The results of the index "Establishment of power transmission line infrastructure to residents in border areas" with a value of "3.52" and the dimension of "security" showed that the highest average level belonged to the index of "rate of control of military conflicts" with a value of "3.98". Has found.
