Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
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Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
In geographic sciences, one of the most important schools of methodology is the school of positivism. This school has been had a special function in concepts production in geographic sciences, including political geography. Political geographers affected by the positivism school believed that the interactions between politics and space will lead particular spatial form and processes Which can be studied only within the framework of this school. One of the consequences of applying positivism is to create the potential for classifying and enclosing space and constructing a geographic scale based on the performance of government / country. In this research, has been struggled to introduce a new category of how to understand the relationship between politics and geographic space in the positivism methodology within framework of scale.
Methodology
This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this research were struggled with descriptive and analytical approaches, in first step was defined space concept and cognition. Then, the space definition has been accorded with characteristics of post positivism cognition school.
Result and discussion
The conceptual content of politics has a special feature Which makes it possible to achieve recognition of space in a specific pattern of positivism. In addition, the political construction of a geographic scale on two national scale including a state / country and transnational scale including the trans-national scale make different patterns for studying of the relationship between politics and space. The results of these approaches are as follows:
A- Political Geography as Territorial Governance
National sovereignty remains as most influential force in knowing how national and sub-national areas operate. Because the prioritization and allocation of resources influenced by the ruling political institutions and do not follow similar processes among different countries and generalization inductive thinking about it is not feasible. Because with the change of political perspectives and with the advent of new leaders, gradually the natural and human dimensions of the geographic space on the scale of the country are changing and evolving. This view sought to combine space studies with development topics and emphasize the fact that spatial structures have discoverable features that can be used in spatial organization. But one of the philosophical foundations of changes in the various dimensions of space is the change and rebuilding of policies and the replacement of new forces in decision making place and implementation these policies in the all level especially at the level of the nation-state. this process is considered by political geography studying.
B- Geopolitics as a territoriality of sovereignty in transnational scale
In the territory of a country the sovereignty is highest power of ordering, which is based on the social contract theory to organize and control the territoriality behaviors of human and social classes in competition with each other. But there is no such organizing force in the metropolitan area, and the victory in power-based competition determines the extent of state domination. But in the international space there is no such organizing force and victory in competitions determines the limits of state domination. Thus, the most territoriality behaviors objective organized by states. From this perspective, human-made and natural data in relations between countries can be created the motivation for territoriality and these behaviors will not be stopped unless the another could be stopped them from the acting. Geopolitics provides The geographic framework for understanding the conflicts between countries and regional bloc and explains territoriality behaviors of countries based on natural and human geographic data. Finally, studying the consequences these process. On the other hand, because of the geopolitical conceptual nature, geopolitical experts can not necessarily use the empirical approach in recognizing this relationship. In other words, geopolitics in its content have non – quantitative nature and experts should be use from deductive approaches. Because in recognizing the geopolitical importance of the regions, qualitative factors such as political economy, ideology and social origins of political leaders, etc., also have an effect that does not have the capacity to become quantitative indicators. Historically, attention to the views of many geopolitical scholars has shown that geopolitical explanations by them, have been created by deductive approaches. Therefore, gaining more power by governments depends on how they pursue the appropriate geopolitical policies.
Conclusion
Findings research reveals that the elements of geographical space have a systematic and systematic nature in the positivist but two national and sub-national scale have different content with transnational scale. In other words, in the context of positivism, the study of the political dimension of the geographical space is different in two national and transnational political scales. In a national scale, recognizing the relationship between politics and space within the borders of a country includes national and sub-national scales. But in the transnational scale, relationship between sovereignty and space is the result of a kind of territorialism that exists between countries and builds geopolitical concepts and ideas. Moreover, since politic, both national and sub-national and transnational, contain elements and components that have little quantitative capability, consequently, researchers should be paid more attention to positivism. Therefore, applied geopolitical studies have been more widely considered in the positivism methodology. Because the explanation in the methodological dimension takes on operational dimensions when propositions are referred to the objective world.
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