Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

Authors

1 Professor of Tarbiat Modares University

2 political geography, human science faculty, tarbaiat modares university, tehran, iran

Abstract

Urban space is the strategic scene for understanding the dynamics of social order reconfiguration. It is like a hegemonic tool of the dominant class to reproduce its domination. In this scene, we always see the struggles of two resistance discourses to dominate the geographical space. The formation of the resistance discourse in the urban space goes through a process and the main purpose of this article is to explain this process. This article employs a descriptive-analytical research approach and relies on library resources for gathering information. The findings indicate that the initial ignition of the resistance discourse originates from policy critique and problem identification. It persists until a political crisis has been occurred. Local dissatisfactions prompt individuals to step out of their personal spheres and engage in discussions with others regarding shared concerns, the formation of collective notions and narratives concerning their living environment. The forced displacement and systematic deprivation of living spaces expedite the strengthening of urban residents' ability to safeguard the production of space. Engaging in recurrent social movements generates an emotional experience that intensifies individuals' connections to social and collective movements. The mobilization happening within the local community plays a crucial role and engages various individuals and encouraging their participation in public activities. It involves developing effective means of communication and emotional resources that empower new activists to dedicate their time and efforts.

Keywords

  1. Altman, I., (1976). Environment and social behavior. US: Cole Publishing co.
  2. Arampatzi, A., & Nicholls, W.J., (2012). The urban roots of anti-neoliberal social movements: the case of Athens, Greece. Environment and Planning, 44(11), 2591-2610.
  3. Asadi, R., Rahnema. M.R., Kharazmi, A., (2015). Genealogically futurology (A proper approach in the study of the futurology of geographical phenomena). Journal of Arid regions Geographic Studies, 6(22), 54-71. [in Persian]
  4. Attoh, K.A., (2011).What kind of right is the right to the city?.  Human geography, 35(5), 669-685.
  5. Baudrillard, J., (2005). The system of objects. London and New York City: Verso.
  6. Brenner, N., Marcuas, P., & Mayer, M., (2009). Cities for people not for profit, Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City. London and New York City: Rotledge.
  7. Caporaso, J.A., & Levine, D.P., (1992). Theories of political economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Castells, M., (1977). The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  9. Castells, M., (1984). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. California: University of California Press.
  10. Castells, M., (1996). The information age: Economy, society and culture. Blackwell: Oxford.
  11. Chalabi, M., (2007). Sociology of order. Iran, Tehran:Ney publications. [in Persian]
  12. Collins, R., (2004). Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  13. Czepczynski, M., (2008). Cultural Landscapes of Post-Socialist Cities Representation of Powers and Needs. Poland: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  14. Daniel,S., (2011). Where does a revolution happen? www. discoveringurbanism. com.
  15. Dollfus, O., (1995). Geographical space.(Sahami, S., Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Nika Publications.[in Persian]
  16. Dovey, K., (2001). Memory, Democracy and Urban Space: Bangkok's' Path to Democracy. Journal of Urban Design, 6(3), 265-282.
  17. Dreyfus, H. L., & Rabinow, P., (2014). Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. London: Routledge.
  18. Elahi, M., Daneshpoor. A., & Abbaszadegan. M., (2018). Recognizing the relationship between urban spaces and social movements with a focus on the cities of Cairo, Sanaa and Manama. Journal of human geography research, 50(1), 181-197.[in persian]
  19. Elden, S., (2004). Understanding Henri Lefebvre;Theory and the Possible. London and NewYork: Continuum.
  20. Engels, F.,(1845). The Condition of the Working Class in England. UK: Penguin.
  21. Fainstein, S.S., (2009). Planning and the just city. In Searching for the just city (pp. 39-59). Routledge.
  22. Farrell, C., (2005). Michel Foucault. London & Newdelhi: Sage Publication.
  23. Fiske, J., (1998). Understanding Popular Culture. London and New York:
  24. Fiske, J., (1998). Culture, ideology, interpellation. Conference on Searching for the Just City(April 29, 2006), New York: Columbia University
  25. Fokdal, J., (2008). Power And Space: Appropriation Of Space In Social Housing In Copenhagen. Rutgers University: Transaction Publishers.
  26. Foucault, M., (2007). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Durham: Duke University Press.
  27. Foucault, M., (2013). Lectures on the Will to Know. Springer.
  28. Fung A., (2003). Associations and democracy: between theories, hopes, and realities. Annual Review of Sociology, No.29, 515–539.
  29. Haji reza Tehrani, A., (2010). Gender production of public space: a study of the discourse of gender segregation in public spaces (metro case study). Iran, Tehra: Elm va Farhang university.[in persian]
  30. Harvey, D., (1973). Social justice and the city. London: Edward Arnold press.
  31. Harvey, D., (1985). Consciousness and the urban experience: studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization. Maryland: John Hopkins University press.
  32. Harvey, D., (2012). Rebel cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution. London and New York City: Verso books.
  33. Javan, J., daLil, S., & salmani moghaddam, M., (2013). Lefebvre's Dialectic of space. Arid Regions Geographic Studies,3 (12) :1-17 [in persian]
  34. Johnston, R.J., (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
  35. Khojamli, A., Ahmadipoor. Z., Hafeznia. M.R., & Poorjafar. M., (2016). Explaining the geopolitics of the urban landscape; The relationship between power and politics with urban symbolism. Journal of Political Geography, 1(3).1-28. [in persian]
  36. Kurečić, P., (2016). Studying of Urban Movements Through the Paradigms of Popular Geopolitics and Anti-Geopolitics. Journal of Economic and Social Development, 3(2), 29-41.
  37. Laffey, M., & Weldes, J., (2004). Methodological reflections on discourse analysis. Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Qualitative Methods, 2(1), 28–30.
  38. Lefebvre, H., (2009). State, Space, World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  39. Lefebvre, H., (1991). The production of space. Blackwell: Oxford.
  40. Martinez, T., Barrio-Garcia,S.D., Ibanez-Zapata, J.A., & Rodrigues Molina M.A., (2007). Modeling a city's image: The case of Granada. University of Granada, Elsevier Ltd.
  41. Miller, B., & Nicholls, W., (2013). Social movements in urban society: The city as a space of politicization. Urban Geography, 34(4), 452-473.
  42. Mitchell, D., (1995). The end of public space? People’s park, definition of public and democracy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85(1), 108-133.
  43. Mohamed Said Negm,(2015). Resisting Power in Discourse Procedia.  Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192(2), 284-289.
  44. Nicholls J., & Vermeulen F., (2012). Rights through the city: the role of the city for immigrant rights movements. In Smith, M.P., & McQuarrie, M., (Eds.)(2012). Remaking Urban Citizenship: Organizations, Institutions, and the Right to the City. (pp 79–98). New Brunswick: Rotledge.
  45. Nicholls J., (2008). The urban question revisited: The importance of cities for social movements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(4), 1468–2427
  46. Pomieciński, A., (2015). Street politics: new social movements as urban protest movements. Our Europe. Ethnography–Ethnology–Anthropology of Culture, No.4, 85-94.
  47. Rob K., & Thrift, N., (2009). International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. UK: Elsevier
  48. Schmid, , (2008). Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space; Towards a three-dimensional dialectic, trans, Bandulasena Goonewardena, In     Lefebvre, H., (2008). Space, Difference, Everyday Life. London andNew York: Routledge.
  49. Shafiei, S., (2014). A look at recent theoretical approaches to resistance. Social Science Quarterly. 21(64), 139-186. [in persian]
  50. Shalchi, S., Shojaee, M., & Farhangi, H., (2016). Urban reconstruction, the image of Tehran and the experience of alienation. Iranian Cultural Research Quarterly. 3(1), 1-32. [in persian]  
  51. Stevenson, D., (2003). Cities and urban cultures. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
  52. Sumarto, Sh., (2012). The fourth plinth, creating and contesting national identity in Trafalgar square, 2005- 2010. Cultural geographies journal, 20(1), 67-81.
  53. Tarrow S, McAdam D., (2005). Scale shift in transnational contention. In della, D., & Tarrow, S., (Eds). (2005). Transnational Protest and Global Activism. (Pp 121–150). Rowman & Littlefi: Boulder.
  54. Tonkiss, F., (2005). Space, the city and social theory: Social relations and urban forms. Cambrirdge: Polity Press.
  55. Tonkiss, F., (2013). Cities by design, The social life of urban form. Cambrirdge: Polity Press.
  56. Uitermark, J., Nicholls, W., & Loopmans, M., (2012). Cities and social movements: theorizing beyond the right to the city. Environment and Planning, Vol.44, 2546 – 2554
  57. Viana N., (2015). Social Movements and Urban Space. International Journal of Research in Geography (IJRG), 1(2), 1-8.
  58. Yazdanian, A., Dadashpoor, H., (2016). The Problem of Presence in the Space: Spatial Consciousness and Agency, with Emphasis on Urban Public Space. Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 7(26), 73-91. [in persian]
  59. Zukin, s., (1995). The cultures of cities. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
CAPTCHA Image