The effect of location and structure of border cities on the sense of territoriality of governments (Case study: Nasibin city in the Sassanid period)

Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

Authors

• Vahid Kiyani ¹
• Parviz Hossein talaee ²

¹ Assistant Professor in political Geography & Geopolitics, Geography Faculty, Literature and Humanities Depart,ment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

² Assistant Professor in History, History Faculty, Literature and Humanities Depart,ment,, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman. Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/pg.2022.72927.1091

Abstract

Following the gradual extinction of the Seleucid dynasty, whose territory was weakened by the Parthian powers in the east and the Romans in the west; The Parthians bordered the Romans. The common borders of the two powers led to conflicts between them; Due to the internal problems of the Parthians, the Romans were able to gain access to geopolitical regions such as Mesopotamia. After the extinction of the Parthians, their territory was transferred to the Sassanids along with the death of their conflict with Rome. The results of the research indicate that the city of Nasibin was one of the main centers of the Iran-Rome wars in the Sassanid period; As the access to it was considered to be in the possession of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and on the other hand, Nasibin was located on the border of Iran and Byzantium and was considered as one of the places where the transit of goods took place. Therefore, both Iran and Byzantium did not want to lose control of the city politically, economically, or even religiously. Therefore, the loss of such a city was considered as a major change in the balance of power in the Miyanrodan, As Iran and Byzantium were not willing to lose this city, and because of this, there were continuous conflicts between them, which gradually led to the weakening of the power of the two empires.

Keywords

• Mesopotamia
• border cities
• Nasibin
• Sassanids
• Byzantines

References

1. Abu al-Fida, I., (--). Taghvime Al-Baldan. Egypt, Cairo: Religious Culture School.
2. Adontz, N., (1970). Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. (Nina G. Garsoïan. Trans). Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
3. Al-Qazwini, Z.M.M., (1994). Asar al Ebad va Akhbar al Ebad. Iran, Tehran: Amirkabir [in Persian].
4. Ammianus Marcellinus, (1935). Ammianus Marcellinus with English (John C. Rolfe Trans.). (The Loeb Classical Library). In three volumes, London, W. Heinemann.
5. Asmussen, Y.P., (2002). Christianity in Iran. the history of Iran from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid state. (Hassan Anousheh, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Amirkabir. [in Persian].
6. (1992). Report and Research of Jalil Dostkhah. Iran, Tehran: Morvarid [in Persian].
7. Baladhari, A.H.A.Y., (1958). Fotouh Al-Buldan. (Muhammad Tawakkul, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Noghreh [in Persian].
8. Blockley, R.C., (2007). Warfare and diplomacy. In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XIII, The Late Empire, a.d. 337-425. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 411-436).
9. G.W., (1987). Julian the Apostate. Cambridghe: Harvard University Press
10. Brucius, M., (2009). Ancient Iran. (Issa Abdi, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Mahi [in Persian].
11. Daryaee, T., (2002). Shahrestanihay-e Eranshahr, A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History. Costa Mesa, Californi: Mazda.
12. Daryaee, T., (2004). Sassanid Empire. (Morteza Saghebfar, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Ghoghnous [in Persian].
13. Diakonov, A.M., (1991). History of the Medes. (Karim Keshavarz, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi [in Persian].
14. Dignas, B., Winter, E., (2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Fry, R., (2004). Political History of the Sassanids. History of Iran Iran from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid state. (Hassan Anousheh, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Amirkabi [in Persian].
16. Gershman, R., (2001). Iran from the beginning to Islam. (Mohammad Moin, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi [in Persian].
17. Gnoli, G., (1987). Avestan Geography. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography.
18. Hafez Ebro, S.A.K., (1996). Geography of Hafez Ebro. Iran, Tehran: Mirase Maktoub [in Persian].
19. Hafeznia, M.R., & Janparvar, M., (2017). Borders and Globalization (with a brief look at Iran's borders). Iran, Tehran: Institute for Strategic Studies [in Persian].
20. Hafeznia, M.R., & Kaviani Rad, M., (2004). New Horizons in Political Geography. Iran, Tehran: SAMT [in Persian].
21. Hafeznia, M.R., (2006). Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics. Iran, Mashhad: Papoli Publications [in Persian].
22. Hamavi Baghdadi, Y., (2004). Mujam Al Buldan. (Alinaghi Manzavi, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization [in Persian].
23. Hamdollah M., (2002). Nozha al-Qulub. (Corrected by Dabir Siyaghi). Iran, Qazvin: hadithe emroz [in Persian].
24. Honigmann, E., (C. E. Bosworth), (1993). Naşībīn, in the Encyclopedia of Islam Prepared by Number of Leading Orientalists.Leiden-New York, E.J. Brill, pp. 983-984.
25. Ibn A’tham Kufi, M., (1993). Al-Futuh. (Ahmad Mostofi Heravi, Transs.). Gholam Reza Tabatabaei Majd(Ed). Iran, Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications and Education [in Persian].
26. Ibn al-Faqih Hamedani, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq, (1970). Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan (section related to Iran). (H. Massoud, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation [in Persian].
27. Ibn Athir, A. (1992). Al Kamel Fi Al Tarikh. (Abbas Khalili and Abu al-Qasim Halat, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi Farhangi [in Persian].
28. Ibn Battuta shams al-Din Abi Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Lawati al-Tanji, (1997). The Journey of ibn Battuta. (Muhammad Ali Moahd, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Agah [in Persian].
29. Ibn Ebri, (1998). Tarikh Mokhtasar Al-doval. (Abd al-Muhammad Ayati, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi [in Persian].
30. Ibn Khaldun, (1984). History of Ibn Khaldun. (Abdul Mohammad Ayati, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies and Research [in Persian].
31. Ibn Khordadbeh, (1991). Al Masalek & Mamalek ibn Khordadbeh. (H. Gharehkhani, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Motarjem [in Persian].
32. Kettenhofen, E., (1984). Die Einforderung des Achämenidenerbes durch Ardašir: eine interpretatio romana. (np): Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 15, str. 177. – 190.
33. Khorni, M., (2001). History of Armenians. (Edik Baghdasarian, ). Iran, Tehran: (np).[in Persian].
34. Kristensen, A., (1996). Iran during the Sassanids. (Rashid Yasemi, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Donyaye Ketab [in Persian].
35. Lestering, G., (1998). Historical Geography of the Eastern Caliphate Lands. (Mahmoud Erfan, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi & Farhangi [in Persian].
36. Lieu, S., (2006). Nisibis. http://www.iranicaonline.org.
37. Malairi, M.M., (2000). History and culture of Iran during the transition from the Sassanid era to the Islamic era. Iran, Tehran: Toos [in Persian].
38. Marquat, Y., (1962). Iranshahr. (Karim Taherzadeh Behzad, Trans.). Language and Literature, No. 4, 71-80 [in Persian].
39. Marquat, Y., (2004). Iranshahr in the Geography of Ptolemy. (Maryam Mir Ahmadi, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Tahoori [in Persian].
40. Masoudi, Abul-Hassan Ali Bin Al-Hussein, (1986). Al-tanbih & Al-eshraf. (Abu Al-Qasim Payandeh Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi [in Persian].
41. Menander P., (1985). History of Menander the Guardsman. Blockley: Liverpool, 1985.
42. Moqaddasi, Motahar Ibn Tahir, (1995). Afarinesh & Tarikh. (Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Agah [in Persian].
43. Muqaddasī, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad, (1982). Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim. (Alinqi Manzavi, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Sherkt moalefan & motarjemane Iran [in Persian].
44. Noldeke, T., (1999). History of Iranians and Arabs during the Sassanid period. Iran, Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies [in Persian].
45. Paustus B., (2004). History of Armenians, translated by Garon Sargsyan. Iran, Tehran: Nairi [in Persian].
46. Piguluskaya, N., (2008). Cities of Iran: In the Parthian and Sassanid Era. (Enayatollah Reza, ). Iran, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi [in Persian].
47. Pliny, M., (1961). Natural history with an English translation. London: William Heinemann LTD MCMLXI.
48. Shabankarei, Mohammad Ibn Ali ibn Mohammad, (2002). Majma 'al-Ansab. (Mir Hashem Mohaddes(Ed). Iran, Tehran: Amirkabir [in Persian].
49. Shepard, J., (2008). The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Shipman, K., (2005). Basics of Sassanid history. (Kikaus Jahandari, Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Farzan Rooz (In Persian).
51. Sohrab, (nd).'Ajā’IB al-aqālīm al-sab'ah ilá nihāyat al-'imārah. Tehran: Pegohshakdeh Farhang and Honare Islami.
52. Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Jarir, (1996). History of Tabari or Tarikh al-Rosol & al-Molok. (Abolghasem Payende, Trans.). Iran, Tehran, Asatir [in Persian].
53. The History of Zonaras, (2009). The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great. (Thomas M. Banchich and Eugene N. Lane, Trans.). London & New York: Routledge.
54. Videvdad or Laws against the Demons, (1898). In Avesta- The Sacred Books of Zoroastrianism, in Sacred Books of the East. (James Darmesteter, Trans.). Joseph H. Peterson, (Ed)(American Edition).
55. Wiesehöfer, J., (2001). Ancient Persia: from 550 BC to 650 AD. London; New York, I.B. Tauris.
56. Yaqubi, Ahmed bin Abi, (1977). Al-Buldan, Tehran, Bengah. Iran, Tehran: Tarjome & Nashre Ketab [in Persian].
57. Zaryab Khoei, A., (1996). Ba'arbayya (Syriac: Beth ʿArbaye). Iran, Tehran: Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation [in Persian].