Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی
Authors
1 PhD student of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor in Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
A large part of the development process of geopolitics has been owed to the theories that have been put forward by world-minded scientists in the last two centuries. Geopolitical theories with the nature of predicting the future of world system have generally been proposed with the centrality of different geographical positions in the field of global power competition. The main goal of this research is to analyze the role of the United States in the geopolitical theories of the three classical, modern and postmodern eras with reference to reliable international sources based on two ranges of American and non-American theorists. Data has been collected in the form of documents and libraries and information has been analyzed in descriptive-analytical method. This article, by examining 30 theories of geopolitical theorists, has been argued that each of these thinkers, according to the strategy and interests of their country, somehow shows the role of the United States in the world order as a threat or opportunity in the global geopolitical system. Therefore, from the beginning of geopolitical theorizing in the late 19th century until 2020, the hegemonic footprint of the United States is always visible. The research question: what is the role of the United States, as a birthplace of geopolitical theories, in the geopolitical theorizing of the three classical, modern, and postmodern periods? And the hypothesis of the research is that most of the geopolitical theories in the intellectual space of the mentioned three periods have paid attention to the hegemonic position of this power in the world order; Also, the domineering approach of American thinkers and practical advice to the statesmen of this country, from Alfred Mahan's theory in 1890 to Francis Sempa's theory in 2020, has continued.
Keywords
- Arnold, J., & Dugin, A. (2018). Geopolitics:theories, concepts, schools and debates, transcrip pripered. https://www.geopolitika.ru/en/article/geopolitics-theories-concepts-schools-and-debates
- Bush, G. (1990). Toward a New World Order. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, .
- Brzezinski, Z. (1986). Game Plan. Atlantic Monthly Press, 52–65.
- Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard - American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York City: Basic Books.
- Balsiger, J. (2018). Introduction and origins of the (sub)discipline of political geography and A political geography of the city: urban agriculture and public space. https://baripedia.org/wiki/Introduction_and_origins_of_the_(sub)discipline_of_political_geography
- Bowman, I. (1942). Geography vs. Geopolitics. Geographical Review, American Geographical Society, 32(4), 64-65.
- Cohen, S.B. (2014). Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Cressey, G. (1945). The Basis of Soviet Strength . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- De Seversky, A. (1950). Air Power: Key to Survival. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Fairgrieve, J. (1915). Geography and World Power. London: University Tutorial Press.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). The imperative of State-building. Journal of Democracy,15(2), 17-31. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/54670
- Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. Grand Haven: Brilliance Audio.
- Flint, C. (2006). Introduction to Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Flint, C. (2007). Introduction to Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Germond, B. (2015). The (Critical) Geopolitics of Seapower. in Germond, B. (ed.) The Maritime Dimension of European Security. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gallaher, C., Dahlman, C., Gilmartin, M., Mountz, A., & Shirlow, P. (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography (Key Concepts in Human Geography). Sage Publications Ltd.
- Haynes, J. (2019). Introduction: The Clash of Civilizations andRelations between the West and the Muslim World. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 17(1), 1-10.
- Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations?. Foreign Affairs, 72 (2): 22–49.
- Iliopoulos , I. (2009). Strategy and Geopolitics of Sea Power throughout History. Baltic Security & Defence Review, 11(2), 5-218.
- Jones, M., jones, R., & Woods, M. (2004). An Introduction to political geography, Space, place and politics. London:Routledge.
- Kaplan, R. (2000). The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House.
- Kelly, P. (2016). Classical Geopolitcs, A New Analytical Model. Stanford: Stanford university press.
- Kennedy, P. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. UK: Unwin Hyman.
- Klinghoffer, A. (2006). The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. California: Praeger.
- Levy, J., & Thompson, W. (2010). Balancing on Land and at Sea: Do States Ally against the Leading Global Power? International Security 35(1). doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00001
- Mahan, A. (1900). The Problem of Asia, Its Effect upon International Politics. Boston: Little, brown and company.
- Mahan, A. (2003). The Problem of Asia Its Effect upon International Politics, introduction by Francis P. Sempa. London: Routledge.
- Mahan, A. (1890). The Influence Of Sea Power Upon History (1660-1783). US: Spectral Associates.
- Malin, J. (1944). Space and History. Agricultural History 18 (July 1944): 65–126.
- Mackinder, H. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 170(4), 298–321.
- Mackinder, H.J., (1919). Democratic Ideals and Reality A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. London: Constable and Co., Ltd.
- Milestones (2020). Kennan and Containment, 1947. OTH, Historian. Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/
- Modelski, G. (1988). Long cycles in global politics.
- Mearsheimer, J. (1990). Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.
- Mearsheimer, J., & Walt , S. (2016). The Case for Offshore Balancing, A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy. Council on Foreign Relations, 95(4), 70-83.
- Nye, J. (1992). What New World Order? Council on Foreign Relations, 71(2), 83-96.
- Pishgahi Fard, Z., & Noor Ali, H. (2022). Review of Neglected Theories in Iran's Geopolitical Literature. Human Geography Research Quarterly. Published online from April 1400.[ In Persian]
- Roomi, A. M. (2012). Eurasian geopolitics and emerging trends of naval aviation in Indian ocean. Margalla Papers , 93-120.
- Sharp, J. (1998). Reel geographies of the new world order: Patriotism, masculinity, and geopolitics in post-Cold War American movies. in Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Sonnenfeldt, H. (1978). Linkage in U.S. Foreign Policy. the Newyork times.
- Spykman, N. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 457–72.
- Sempa, F. (2020). The Problem of Asia in 2020. asianreviewofbooks. Retrieved from https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/the-problem-of-asia-in-2020/
- Sparke , M. (1998). Outsides inside patriotism: The Oklahoma bombing and the displacement of heartland geopolitics. in Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- Turner, F. (1920). The significance of the frontier in American history, in The Frontier in American History, Ed. F J Turner (pp 1-38). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Walberg, E. (2011). Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games. Atlanta: Clarity Press.
- Weigert, H. (1946). Mackinder's Heartland. The American Scholar, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, 15(1),43-54.
- Yucekaya, M. (2014). Ibn Khaldun's conception of dynastic cycles and contemporary theories of international system change: a comparative assessment. ADAM AKADEMİ, 8(2), 231-266. DOI: 10.31679/adamakademi.453944
- Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (1998). Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
- O’Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (1998). The Geopolitics Reader. London: Routledge.
- O’Sullivan, P. (1982). Antidomino. Political Geography Quarterly, 1/1, 57–64.
Send comment about this article