Processing the Conceptual, Theoretical and Semantic Structure of the Term “State” and its Components

Document Type : مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

Authors

• Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf ¹
• Mohammad Hadi Pooyandeh ¹
• Mosayeb Gharebigi ²

¹ Tehran

² Kharazmi University

https://doi.org/10.22067/pg.v1i2.41983

Abstract

Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The term “state” owing to its simultaneous presence in two epistemological and scientific fields named political science and political geography has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms, in a way that it has stirred a kind of chaos and lack of consensus, especially among political geographers. According to various texts, “state” is an abstract entity, intertwined with a selection of notions, values, and thoughts concerning human and spatial issues. Accordingly, the present research tries to analyze the spatial-philosophical aspects of the word “ state” and answer the question as to the reasons why this word has gained varied and sometimes contradictory synonyms and meanings (especially in the fields of political science and political geography in Iran).
2. METHOD
In terms of collecting the data, the present research is a qualitative one, and in terms of its nature is regarded as a foundational research. With respect to the method of processing and interpreting the data, Meta-analysis has been used. Meta-analysis is a collection of methods used to resolve the contradictions created by researches conducted concerning a single topic. Meta-analysis converts the findings of various researches to a joint scale, investigates the relation among research specifics and the findings and finally, proposes an overarching suggestion for converging the studies. The present research, in line with its objective which concerns the investigation of divergences and conceptual, theoretical and semantic contradictions of the term “state” among political geography’s thinkers and theoreticians and its attempt to bring viewpoints, in an overarching manner, together can be categorized as a meta-analysis.
3. DISCUSSION
Every concept in geography, considering the comprehensive and holistic epistemological nature of this science, gains a “comprehensive and universal “feature, where no other rational trajectory neither can nor should be traversed, before unwinding the interwoven elements and components of this twisted skein. Nonetheless, it seems that any attempt to resolve such a conflict would be irrational. The only rational thing remains paying attention to the “spatial, comprehensive, holistic and multiplicity” basis in geographical concepts which stem from its epistemology. It seems that incorporation of spatial, geographical structures and factors such as “ land”, “ country”, “ nation”, “ regime” and “ governance” have paved the way for its plurality of sense and profusion of meaning, to the degree that meanings and concepts of “state” are closer to reality that in addition to structure-agency views, incorporate “spatial” and “holistic geographic” views.
So on the basis of the epistemological feature of geography (to which political geography belongs) the conceptual expansion and long range of inclusiveness in political geography is neither too surprising nor paradoxical. The word “state” contains simultaneous and multifold other meanings such as “ land”, “ government” , “ governance” and “ people” and unless these elements are included and combined in creating a whole, we cannot use the word “state” for it. Thus, only when the biologic and cultural feature specific to humans, i.e. territoriality, adopts a national (concerning a population with a given and fixed identity) and political (a country, when all the elements of the administration, governance, execution and management or government are organized) quality can it represent a word called “state” in the political geography.
4. CONCLUSION
State is an abstract concept, intertwined with a collection of concepts, values, and thoughts regarding human and spatial issues and owing to its simultaneous presence in two disparate epistemological and scientific fields called political science and political geography it has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms. The word state, in its general sense, has a meaning of “condition” and “situation”. This concept, in order to materialize in the fields under discussion, has no other way than to be manifested in its material components. Among the components of “state”, the concepts of nation, regime, and country has been used, many times, interchangeably thus causing multiple meanings for the concept of “state” such as country, regime, administrative, executive branch and etc. The findings of this research indicate that each of these concepts (country, regime and nation), in different situations where the concept of “state” can be situated, can carry its semantic features. For instance, when there is a geographical and territorial understanding of “state” , it comes very close to the concept of “country” and when its administrative-executive aspect is intended, it referrers to the government .So, the profusion of the meanings of “state” is not in contradiction with its main sense. To put it simply, “state” in some situations is synonymous with country and in others with government or political society. This does not damage its abstract and main meaning, since without these components, “state” has no meaning and in order to become materialized and manifest in various situations, it is dependent upon its constituent elements.

Keywords

• State
• Country
• Government
• Nation

References

Abdol-Rahman, A. (2001). Politic sand sociology in the world. Beirut: Dar-al-nehzatArabiya.

Abolhamd, A. (2004). Principles of politics.Tehran: Toos Press

Afzali,R. (2007). Modern state in Iran. Ghom: University of Mofid Press.

Aghabkhshi, A. (1983). Dictionary of political sciences. Tehran: Thunder Press.

Ashuri, D. (2013). Dictionary of politics. Tehran: Morvarid Press.

Ahmadi, H. (2009). The foundations of Iranian national identity: national identity theoretical framework . Tehran: Institute of Social and Cultural Studies

Alam, Abdulrahman. (2009). Foundations of politics. Thran: Ney Press.

Bakhshayeshi Ardestani, A. (2005). Principles of Politics.Tehran: Avaye zohowr Press.

Bashiriyeh, H. (2013). Teaching of political knowledge and foundations of theoretical politics. Thran:Nehahe Moaser Press.

Bobbio, N. (2013). Democracy and dictatorship: The nature and limits of state power. Minneapolis:Reprint as paperback in University of Minnesota Press.

Bonett D. G. (2010). Varying coefficient meta-analytic methods for alpha reliability. doi: Psychol.

Duncan. S., & Goodwin. M. (1998). The local state and uneven development: Behind the local government crisis. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Dehkhoda, A. (2010). Dictionary Of Dehkhoda, Cd. Tehran: University of Tehran.

Flint, C. (2007). Introduction to geopolitics. London: Routledge.

Flint, C. & Taylor, P. (2007). Political geography: World economy, nation state and locality. New York: Prentice Hall.

Gerth, H., & Mills, C.W. (1970). From Max Weber: Essayin sociology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Gallaher, C., Peter, S., & Mary G. (2009). Key concept in political geography. London: Sage Publication

Ghalibaf, M., Pourmoosavi, S. (2008). Modern geopolitics of Middle East and foreign policy in Iran, Geographical ReserachQuarterly, 69, 53-66.

Ghanbari, D. (2005). The Modern State and National Unity in Iran. Tehran: Iranian Civilization Publication.

Golmohammadi , A. (2013). The nature, evolution and prospects of state. Tehran: Ney Press.

Hafeznia-M.R. (2011). Principles and concept of geopolitics. Mashhad: Papoli Press.

Heywood, A. (2008). Key concepts in politics.( Trans.S. Kalahy &‌ A. Kardan). Tehran: Nashre Elmi va farhangi.

Jahan Bozorgi, A. (2008). Principles of politics and government. Tehran: Center for Islamic Culture and Thought Research.

Jones, M. Jones, R. Woods, M. (2007). An introduction to political geography.(‌Trans.Z.Pishgahifars & R. Akbari).‌Tehran: University of Tehran Press.

Kamran H., & Vasegh, M. )2011(. Theory of state in Ebne khaldoon viewpoint. Geography Quarterly, 29, 45-59.

Kaviani-Rad, M. (2009). Regionalism in Iran from the perspective of political geography. Tehran: Publication of Institute for Strategic Studies.

Lacoste, Y. (2012). De la geopolitique aux paysages: Dictionnaire dela geographie.(Trans .C. Ahami). Mashhad: Nashre Papoli.

Leval,G. (2006). L’État dans l’Histoire, edition originale non datee; editions du monde libertaire

Mir-Heydar D. )2007). Basic concept of political geography. Tehran: National Geographical Organization publication

Mir-Heydar, D. (2000). The foundations of political geography. Tehran: Samt Press.

Mir-Heydar, D.( 2011). The Foundations of Political Geography, Tehran: Samt Press.

Mir-Heydar, D. (2010). Tracing reading of a political geographer during the past five decades. Mashhad: Papoli Press.

Moghimi, M. (2006). The administration of local governments. Tehran: Samt Press.

Mojtahed-Zade, P. Hafeznia, M. )2007(. The meaning of the words in political geography. Geopolitics Quarterly, 1(4),1-7.

Muir, R. )2000(. Political geography, A new introduction.( Trans. D. Mir-heidar). Tehran: National geographical organization publication.

Nowruzi, M. (2008). A Comprehensive dictionary of political terms. Tehran: Ney Press.

Nowruzi, M. (2000). Philosophy of politics. Ghom: Publication of Institute for Education and Research of Imam Khomeini.

Ozer, A. (2006). State on the west thought.(‌Trans.‌A. Bagheri).Tehran: Farzan Press.

Rennie, A. (1994). An introduction to politics.(Trans‌ L.‌Sazgar). Tehran: University Publishing Centre Companies.

Skinner, Q. (2014). The state. In T. Ball, J. Farr, & R. L. Hanson (Eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (pp. 90-131). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shaikhavndi, D. (2013). Political sociology of the government recognition. Tehran: Ghatreh Press.

Toloui, M. (2006). A dictionary of politics.Tehran: Elm Press

Vincent, A. (1987). Theories of the state. Oxford: Blackwell

Van Creveld, M. (1991). The rise and decline of the state. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.