Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
Political Geography
bagher ghalibaf; mahmood vasegh; Hadi Ajili; shahabeddin shafi
Abstract
Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role ...
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Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role in the drawing and formation of game theory, in spite of that, the scientific literature of geopolitical knowledge has not benefited from it to investigate the phenomena. For this purpose, the geopolitical explanation of game theory in geopolitical systems and the introduction of this concept to geopolitical analysis and explanation is the topic of the upcoming article. This article tries to answer the question of how to explain the structure and function of game theory in geographical environments with the approach of geopolitical systems. In response to this question and with an explanatory descriptive method based on Saunders' research methodology model, the hypothesis of the article is that "the theory of games in competitions, conflicts, cooperation and convergences and other patterns of geopolitical relations and in complex geopolitical systems with at least one objective geographical source deals with, has the role of modeling and drawing operational solutions, and by receiving data and values from geopolitics, it brings the complex geopolitical system to a new balance and order". The findings of the research show that game theory is the subject of social, political and international relations studies, and in particular, due to the centrality of "power and competition" in this theory, it is considered a topic of discussion in geopolitical science. Since the function of game theory is considered in geopolitical systems, the authors' interpretation of the concept of system is "complex geopolitical system" with the components of complexity theory.
Political Geography
Elham sabagh; Mahnaz Goodarzi
Abstract
The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities ...
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The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities for Iran. Is. Iran's foreign policy in this region, on the one hand, based on the factors of convergence in the political, economic and cultural fields, has enjoyed opportunities and fields of influence and cooperation, and on the other hand, due to the factors of divergence with It has faced challenges and threats, the result of which has always had an impact on the direction of Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asian region. Due to its unique features in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs to always expand its relations with neighboring countries and neighboring regions. Based on this assumption, in order to identify and explain the identity of the foreign policy in the Central Asia region, the question of this article is: "In what dimensions has Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asia region been successful and in which of them has it failed?" In response to this research, this hypothesis is proposed that "the absence of a multifaceted (flexible) foreign policy considering the contribution of each of the political, economic and cultural sectors has been influential in the successes and failures of Iran's foreign policy in Central Asia". The method of conducting this research is a qualitative descriptive-analytical type, and its data have been collected through documentary library studies and reviewed and analyzed in the framework of foreign policy.
Political Geography
hadi veicy
Abstract
Self-sufficiency in basic products has always been one of the main goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran system. This policy and strategy has been reflected in Iran's upper laws and documents since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the self-sufficiency ...
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Self-sufficiency in basic products has always been one of the main goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran system. This policy and strategy has been reflected in Iran's upper laws and documents since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the self-sufficiency policy and its effect on threats to biological resources and water security in Iran. Generally, the self-sufficiency strategy has been made with the aim of strengthening the economy and reducing Iran's vulnerability to external threats. In this regard, the policy of food security, agriculture based on employment creation and development, self-reliance and resistance economy has a lot of overlap with the self-sufficiency strategy. The main question of the research is what effect the self-sufficiency policy has had on Iran's water security. The formulation of the hypothesis of the research states that the policy and strategy of self-sufficiency has become the basis of the threat to Iran's water security, and the continuation of this policy has aggravated environmental risks and can threaten Iran's national security. This research was carried out by descriptive method and content analysis, and the data needed for the research was obtained from the documents and laws of Iran, especially the six five-year development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results of the research show that the self-sufficiency policy has not only failed to achieve its goals, but has become the basis for the threat to Iran's water security, and the continuation of this trend can threaten Iran's national security as well.
Political Geography
mohsen janparvar; Saif GHasem Mohammad Almohsin; Hadi Zarghani; ali mohammadpour
Abstract
The Middle East is a complex, changing and evolving geopolitical region. A region with outstanding geopolitical and geostrategic potentials and capacities, which has presented numerous and different scenarios to regional and extra-regional actors. The scenes of the game where insecurity and tension are ...
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The Middle East is a complex, changing and evolving geopolitical region. A region with outstanding geopolitical and geostrategic potentials and capacities, which has presented numerous and different scenarios to regional and extra-regional actors. The scenes of the game where insecurity and tension are prominent and relations of influence, dominance and confrontation have priority over other forms. According to these conditions of the region, understanding the basic components that shape geopolitical relations in the region is important and prominent. Based on this, the current research has been carried out with descriptive and analytical methods, with the aim of understanding the basic geopolitical components that shape relations in the Middle East region and designing a pattern of geopolitical relations. The examination of various theories and viewpoints in the first step shows that the most important components affecting the pattern of geopolitical relations in Kharomianeh region include 40 geopolitical components which can be divided into four dimensions of geopolitical components: basic nature, basic human, combined and artificial. In the second step, the components were provided to the thinkers and experts for comment and were confirmed through the T-test. These geopolitical components, directly and indirectly, have been able to shape the pattern of interactive, confrontational, influence, dominance and competition geopolitical relations in the Middle East region, and on the other hand, they have been abused by regional and extra-regional actors to achieve their goals and interests. It has been used in line with tense relations and conflicts in the Middle East region.
Political Geography
narges hajipanah; seyed Hadi Zarghani; OmidAli Kharazmi
Abstract
This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past ...
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This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past 41 years. Research findings show that in the past four decades, only 12 percent of the articles in the process were related to water. The dominant fields of study are "Determination of optimum land uses, water resources status, systematic analysis of spatial planning policies in the face of water scarcity, and the impact of human activities on quantitative and qualitative water crises" In terms of research methodology, most articles have used quantitative methods, especially statistical software, and paid little attention to in-person interviews with water stakeholders, local people and experts. In terms of journals, a total of 19 journals have been active in the field of water-related articles and "spatial Planning" is ranked first. In terms of the time trend, in the 60s and 70s, the number of articles related to water was the lowest, and the increasing trend started in the 80s and reached its peak in the 90s. Finally, in the solution section, the issues such as "water resources recycling, water resource planning instead of activities planning, mechanized agriculture, using hazard-oriented spatial planning and green planning, adapting the uses to ecological capacity of the regions" are emphasized.
Political Geography
vasim aziz; seyyed hadi zarghani; ali mohammadpour
Abstract
This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, ...
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This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, three variables: "the existence of holy shrines in both countries," "the majority of the Shiite population in both Iran and Iraq," and "Arbaeen pilgrimage and common religious movements" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries. Also, the results of factor analysis in the economic dimension show that the variables "the presence of Iraqi tourists in Iran" and "extensive border communications and interactions and the existence of a long common border between the two countries" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries, and in contrast, the two variables "disputes between the two countries over maritime borders and the exploitation of shared marine resources in the Persian Gulf" and "hydropolitical disputes between the two countries over the exploitation of border rivers" have had the most significant role in weakening relations between the two countries. Finally, in the political-security dimension, the variables "a sense of common threat against terrorism and religious extremism," "the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rise of the political status of Shiites," and "Iran's military and defense assistance to Iraq during the fight against ISIS" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries in the last two decades, and the two variables "the different approaches of Iraq and Iran towards the United States" and "the historical dispute between the two countries over the Arvand River (Shatt al-Arab)" have had a negative impact on the relations between the two countries.
Political Geography
Mansoure Eskandaran; Hadi Zarghani; Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh
Abstract
There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of ...
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There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, source and structure have an effect on the formation, consistency and continuity of water conflicts at the international level, either directly or indirectly. Systematic investigations to determine how to resolve water disputes show that conflicts are formed due to structural factors as a result of efforts to control, access and limit the consumption of international water resources by changing the direction of water flow, building dams and creating reservoirs; Conflicts arise due to the demand factor and excessive use of international water resources, which are exacerbated by population growth, industrial development, and urbanization, and conflicts arise due to resource destruction, which are indirectly affected by the two factors of demand and structure and intensify Effective conflicts arise. However, it seems that after the beginning of the water-related conflict, the implementation of diplomacy using diplomatic tools and not technical tools will help countries in establishing regional stability and pursuing peace. Because the actors in the water conflict scene can use this tool against unwillingness to cooperate, disregard for international water laws, water hegemony and power imbalance in order to obtain maximum benefits. Focusing on Central Asia, this article tries to use a descriptive-analytical method, within the framework of the four analytical model (institutionalist, activist, structural-functional and systemic) to get a clear picture of the water conditions and the factors affecting the possibility of future water conflict between the countries.
