Political Geography
vasim aziz; seyyed hadi zarghani; ali mohammadpour
Abstract
This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, ...
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This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and field studies, seeks to examine and analyze the role of geopolitical factors in Iran-Iraq relations over the past two decades and to prioritize them. The results of factor analysis show that in the cultural dimension, three variables: "the existence of holy shrines in both countries," "the majority of the Shiite population in both Iran and Iraq," and "Arbaeen pilgrimage and common religious movements" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries. Also, the results of factor analysis in the economic dimension show that the variables "the presence of Iraqi tourists in Iran" and "extensive border communications and interactions and the existence of a long common border between the two countries" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries, and in contrast, the two variables "disputes between the two countries over maritime borders and the exploitation of shared marine resources in the Persian Gulf" and "hydropolitical disputes between the two countries over the exploitation of border rivers" have had the most significant role in weakening relations between the two countries. Finally, in the political-security dimension, the variables "a sense of common threat against terrorism and religious extremism," "the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rise of the political status of Shiites," and "Iran's military and defense assistance to Iraq during the fight against ISIS" have had the greatest impact on improving relations between the two countries in the last two decades, and the two variables "the different approaches of Iraq and Iran towards the United States" and "the historical dispute between the two countries over the Arvand River (Shatt al-Arab)" have had a negative impact on the relations between the two countries.
Political Geography
Elham sabagh; Mahnaz Goodarzi
Abstract
The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities ...
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The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities for Iran. Is. Iran's foreign policy in this region, on the one hand, based on the factors of convergence in the political, economic and cultural fields, has enjoyed opportunities and fields of influence and cooperation, and on the other hand, due to the factors of divergence with It has faced challenges and threats, the result of which has always had an impact on the direction of Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asian region. Due to its unique features in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs to always expand its relations with neighboring countries and neighboring regions. Based on this assumption, in order to identify and explain the identity of the foreign policy in the Central Asia region, the question of this article is: "In what dimensions has Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asia region been successful and in which of them has it failed?" In response to this research, this hypothesis is proposed that "the absence of a multifaceted (flexible) foreign policy considering the contribution of each of the political, economic and cultural sectors has been influential in the successes and failures of Iran's foreign policy in Central Asia". The method of conducting this research is a qualitative descriptive-analytical type, and its data have been collected through documentary library studies and reviewed and analyzed in the framework of foreign policy.
Political Geography
mohsen janparvar; Saif GHasem Mohammad Almohsin; Hadi Zarghani; ali mohammadpour
Abstract
The Middle East is a complex, changing and evolving geopolitical region. A region with outstanding geopolitical and geostrategic potentials and capacities, which has presented numerous and different scenarios to regional and extra-regional actors. The scenes of the game where insecurity and tension are ...
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The Middle East is a complex, changing and evolving geopolitical region. A region with outstanding geopolitical and geostrategic potentials and capacities, which has presented numerous and different scenarios to regional and extra-regional actors. The scenes of the game where insecurity and tension are prominent and relations of influence, dominance and confrontation have priority over other forms. According to these conditions of the region, understanding the basic components that shape geopolitical relations in the region is important and prominent. Based on this, the current research has been carried out with descriptive and analytical methods, with the aim of understanding the basic geopolitical components that shape relations in the Middle East region and designing a pattern of geopolitical relations. The examination of various theories and viewpoints in the first step shows that the most important components affecting the pattern of geopolitical relations in Kharomianeh region include 40 geopolitical components which can be divided into four dimensions of geopolitical components: basic nature, basic human, combined and artificial. In the second step, the components were provided to the thinkers and experts for comment and were confirmed through the T-test. These geopolitical components, directly and indirectly, have been able to shape the pattern of interactive, confrontational, influence, dominance and competition geopolitical relations in the Middle East region, and on the other hand, they have been abused by regional and extra-regional actors to achieve their goals and interests. It has been used in line with tense relations and conflicts in the Middle East region.
Political Geography
narges hajipanah; seyed Hadi Zarghani; OmidAli Kharazmi
Abstract
This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past ...
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This study with a purpose to investigate the position of "water resources" in spatial planning of "systematic review". The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles in the field of spatial planning that have been indexed in the scientific information database over the past 41 years. Research findings show that in the past four decades, only 12 percent of the articles in the process were related to water. The dominant fields of study are "Determination of optimum land uses, water resources status, systematic analysis of spatial planning policies in the face of water scarcity, and the impact of human activities on quantitative and qualitative water crises" In terms of research methodology, most articles have used quantitative methods, especially statistical software, and paid little attention to in-person interviews with water stakeholders, local people and experts. In terms of journals, a total of 19 journals have been active in the field of water-related articles and "spatial Planning" is ranked first. In terms of the time trend, in the 60s and 70s, the number of articles related to water was the lowest, and the increasing trend started in the 80s and reached its peak in the 90s. Finally, in the solution section, the issues such as "water resources recycling, water resource planning instead of activities planning, mechanized agriculture, using hazard-oriented spatial planning and green planning, adapting the uses to ecological capacity of the regions" are emphasized.
Political Geography
bagher ghalibaf; mahmood vasegh; Hadi Ajili; shahabeddin shafi
Abstract
Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role ...
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Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role in the drawing and formation of game theory, in spite of that, the scientific literature of geopolitical knowledge has not benefited from it to investigate the phenomena. For this purpose, the geopolitical explanation of game theory in geopolitical systems and the introduction of this concept to geopolitical analysis and explanation is the topic of the upcoming article. This article tries to answer the question of how to explain the structure and function of game theory in geographical environments with the approach of geopolitical systems. In response to this question and with an explanatory descriptive method based on Saunders' research methodology model, the hypothesis of the article is that "the theory of games in competitions, conflicts, cooperation and convergences and other patterns of geopolitical relations and in complex geopolitical systems with at least one objective geographical source deals with, has the role of modeling and drawing operational solutions, and by receiving data and values from geopolitics, it brings the complex geopolitical system to a new balance and order". The findings of the research show that game theory is the subject of social, political and international relations studies, and in particular, due to the centrality of "power and competition" in this theory, it is considered a topic of discussion in geopolitical science. Since the function of game theory is considered in geopolitical systems, the authors' interpretation of the concept of system is "complex geopolitical system" with the components of complexity theory.
Political Geography
Mansoure Eskandaran; Hadi Zarghani; Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh
Abstract
There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of ...
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There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, resolving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, source and structure have an effect on the formation, consistency and continuity of water conflicts at the international level, either directly or indirectly. Systematic investigations to determine how to resolve water disputes show that conflicts are formed due to structural factors as a result of efforts to control, access and limit the consumption of international water resources by changing the direction of water flow, building dams and creating reservoirs; Conflicts arise due to the demand factor and excessive use of international water resources, which are exacerbated by population growth, industrial development, and urbanization, and conflicts arise due to resource destruction, which are indirectly affected by the two factors of demand and structure and intensify Effective conflicts arise. However, it seems that after the beginning of the water-related conflict, the implementation of diplomacy using diplomatic tools and not technical tools will help countries in establishing regional stability and pursuing peace. Because the actors in the water conflict scene can use this tool against unwillingness to cooperate, disregard for international water laws, water hegemony and power imbalance in order to obtain maximum benefits. Focusing on Central Asia, this article tries to use a descriptive-analytical method, within the framework of the four analytical model (institutionalist, activist, structural-functional and systemic) to get a clear picture of the water conditions and the factors affecting the possibility of future water conflict between the countries.
Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
Political Geography
Zahra Nasimi; seyyed Hadi Zarghani; omidali kharazmi; , Hossein Rabiee
Abstract
Regionalism is one of the mechanisms of governments to deal with instability and establish order and security in different regions of the world, and by using this method, national governments have ended wars and conflicts and achieved relative stability and security. The question that is raised is why ...
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Regionalism is one of the mechanisms of governments to deal with instability and establish order and security in different regions of the world, and by using this method, national governments have ended wars and conflicts and achieved relative stability and security. The question that is raised is why this mechanism has not been able to work successfully in the Persian Gulf region, in fact, what are the most important obstacles and challenges to the formation of the Persian Gulf regional organization. In this regard, this research, with the descriptive-analytical method and citing reliable library and field sources, first gathered the most important factors and areas of divergence and screened with the method of "coding and categorization" and finally in the form of five economic, political, defense-security, territorial and cultural-social categories. In the stage of field studies, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic and English and was given to the experts of all the countries of the region. In the analysis of the findings, to evaluate the weight and importance of the obstacles and challenges of the formation of the regional organization of the Persian Gulf, a sample t-test was used, and to compare the opinions of Iranian respondents and experts from the Arab countries of the region in this field, an independent correlated t-test was performed using SPSS software. In order to evaluate the most effective obstacles and challenges in the formation of the regional organization of the Persian Gulf, PLS structural equations have also been used.
Political Geography
hadi veicy
Abstract
Self-sufficiency in basic products has always been one of the main goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran system. This policy and strategy has been reflected in Iran's upper laws and documents since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the self-sufficiency ...
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Self-sufficiency in basic products has always been one of the main goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran system. This policy and strategy has been reflected in Iran's upper laws and documents since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the self-sufficiency policy and its effect on threats to biological resources and water security in Iran. Generally, the self-sufficiency strategy has been made with the aim of strengthening the economy and reducing Iran's vulnerability to external threats. In this regard, the policy of food security, agriculture based on employment creation and development, self-reliance and resistance economy has a lot of overlap with the self-sufficiency strategy. The main question of the research is what effect the self-sufficiency policy has had on Iran's water security. The formulation of the hypothesis of the research states that the policy and strategy of self-sufficiency has become the basis of the threat to Iran's water security, and the continuation of this policy has aggravated environmental risks and can threaten Iran's national security. This research was carried out by descriptive method and content analysis, and the data needed for the research was obtained from the documents and laws of Iran, especially the six five-year development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results of the research show that the self-sufficiency policy has not only failed to achieve its goals, but has become the basis for the threat to Iran's water security, and the continuation of this trend can threaten Iran's national security as well.
Political Geography
Hossein Fattahi Ardakani; mahmoud hosseini
Abstract
The war in Ukraine has caused different behavior from Europe. This war shows us new approaches of solidarity, difference, flexibility and participation in the European Union. The present research, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question, what was the behavior ...
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The war in Ukraine has caused different behavior from Europe. This war shows us new approaches of solidarity, difference, flexibility and participation in the European Union. The present research, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question, what was the behavior model of Europe towards the war in Ukraine? The findings of the research show that the reaction of the European Union in facing this war was passive and defensive rather than active and fluctuated from strategic convergence to passive divergence. This issue is caused by the widening of the divisions within this union and the different positions of the members following the outbreak of this war. As a result, the vacuum of powerful leadership and the creation of a political divide in the face of Russia (political), the failure to create a realistic vision of the future of energy supply and the chain of food sources (economic), the emergence of social divide in the face of the flood of Ukrainian refugees and in At the same time, emphasizing the need for the unity of both sides of the Atlantic (social) and trying to provide the goals of the European Union's defense-security strategic compass (security) is one of the most important patterns of behavior of the European Union regarding the war in Ukraine.
Political Geography
leila shirali; farzad navidinaya; shiva jalalpoor; feredoun akbarzadah
Abstract
Abstract
The South Caucasus is one of the most important geopolitical regions that regional powers, including Turkey and Russia, have over the past two decades. This research seeks to explain the conventionality of Turkey and Russia in the South Caucasus from the perspective of critical geopolitics and ...
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Abstract
The South Caucasus is one of the most important geopolitical regions that regional powers, including Turkey and Russia, have over the past two decades. This research seeks to explain the conventionality of Turkey and Russia in the South Caucasus from the perspective of critical geopolitics and proposes the assumption that the conflict between the two countries in the South Caucasus can be explained by moving away from traditional geopolitics in the form of power, space and identity metaphors. This research has investigated this issue with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of critical geopolitical theory. the results of the research indicate that the mentality of the Russian authorities in the South Caucasus is based on the domination of this region for more than two centuries, the need to remain in Moscow's sphere of influence, and the need to keep the West away from it. The discourse of Turkish authorities in the South Caucasus is based on strategic depth, the connecting route to Europe and Central Asia, and balancing. Based on the metaphor of power, Russia and Türkiye consider the South Caucasus as their geopolitical sphere of influence. In the metaphor of space, Russia, by its presence in the lands of Eurasia, of which the Caucasus is also a part, and Turkey, with Ottomanism and civilizational geopolitics, try to manage the region's space for their own benefit. in the metaphor of Russian identity, he sees this region as the arena of "Russian identity" and the presence of Russians. Activism based on moderate Islamism and secularism is also important for Türkiye.
Keywords: critical geopolitics, South Caucasus, conflicting interests, regional powers
Political Geography
samira chenari; Hadi Azami; Mohsen Janparvar; Eisa EbrahimZadeh
Abstract
IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work ...
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IIssues related to transboundary water resources are considered a socio-political and ultimately environmental challenge, because access to fresh water and its optimal management can act as a power tool in relations between different countries and within societies. Water diplomacy as a process can work to resolve water-related tensions and facilitate cooperation between countries with shared water resources. But this new and emerging concept does not have enough theoretical and scientific support to present a process. For this reason, in this article, by expanding the concept of water diplomacy, an attempt was made to present step-by-step the paths of water diplomacy for different fields and water diplomacy measures related to performance in the form of a water diplomacy road map. For this purpose, first the existing approaches in water diplomacy were discussed with a descriptive-analytical method and by finding the focal components in water diplomacy including actors, interests, power and goals, a water diplomacy roadmap based on the advantages of the approaches was presented. This water diplomacy roadmap by designing strategic solutions and frameworks in water diplomacy presents a process of transferring the existing conditions to the desired one, which helps to regulate relations between countries and various institutions and through it to create effective cooperation, agreements and dialogues between countries. and sustainability in the field of water will lead.
Political Geography
Ahmad hajarian
Abstract
The concept of political participation includes a group of new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that provide social needs. On the other hand, social stratification plays a very effective role in improving or reducing its indicators, because the understanding and awareness of the effect of ...
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The concept of political participation includes a group of new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that provide social needs. On the other hand, social stratification plays a very effective role in improving or reducing its indicators, because the understanding and awareness of the effect of social stratification on rural spaces presents a different and diverse picture, which the current research tried to examine the aspect of political participation of residents in the studied rural areas. to check The research was based on the practical purpose and in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, it was a quasi-experimental type of research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control the variables completely. In this research, by studying the theoretical literature and past researches, the variables and dimensions of the research were identified in 4 general dimensions. Oral history, patriarchy, religious views and socialization of classes, whose interpretation was of interest in the overall political participation in the rural areas of Zahedan city. The results indicate that the most important criterion of patriarchy and the least important criterion of class socialization play a role in explaining and predicting the dependent variable (political participation). The research shows attention to social stratification in the form of reducing its effects and improving the criteria of political participation in the studied rural areas.
Political Geography
nahleh karishi; seyyed hadi zarghani; hadi aazami
Abstract
The political management of space, with the optimal organization approach of the country, is the potential and actual foundation of planning at all levels of land management. One of the common phenomena is the pluralistic ethnic context in most countries, whose political management at the macro level ...
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The political management of space, with the optimal organization approach of the country, is the potential and actual foundation of planning at all levels of land management. One of the common phenomena is the pluralistic ethnic context in most countries, whose political management at the macro level is of great importance. The administration of the regions of a country and the lack of authority that the regions have is one of the important issues of the political management of space. The current research has investigated and explained the internal and external geographical-political factors affecting the political management of space with emphasis on multi-ethnic countries with a descriptive-analytical method. Research information has been collected in a library manner. The findings of the research show that the geographical-political factors affecting the political management of space, especially in multi-ethnic countries, can be divided into two categories, internal factors and external or transnational factors, according to the origin of the effect. Internal factors are natural factors that include the variables of geographical location, topography, water network, unevenness and the shape of the country, as well as human factors that form the variables of population composition, national culture, ruling ideology, political structure, political-social institutions. give Another group of factors are of foreign origin, and among these factors, three variables, the existence of an independent political ideal between the border dwellers of the two countries, the intervention of regional and extra-regional powers, and finally the presence of ethnic groups in the neighboring country play a greater role.
Political Geography
Afshin Karami
Abstract
Efforts to contain epidemics and find a long-term solution through vaccines have collided with a range of political issues related to health systems, politics, human rights, governance, mobility and borders. Therefore, the emergence of epidemics has provided an opportunity for political geography to ...
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Efforts to contain epidemics and find a long-term solution through vaccines have collided with a range of political issues related to health systems, politics, human rights, governance, mobility and borders. Therefore, the emergence of epidemics has provided an opportunity for political geography to follow the geopolitical foundations of health and health systems with a more serious look. Epidemic management is a spatial issue for two reasons: First, disease treatment is always a socio-spatial issue because the authorities either seek to impose quarantine measures or limit disease carriers. Second, the disease is revealed by a set of actors and human and non-human forces that deal with space and place. Therefore, diseases have become part of the geopolitical realm because they reveal the desirability, feasibility, and durability of national, regional, and global governance structures. The concept of quarantine as a type of activity that leads to the division and limitation of geographical space can be one of the most controversial topics in geopolitics. But until now, due to the predominance of the humanist perspective in border studies, it has not been able to attract the attention of researchers in the field of geopolitics. This research is written with the aim of investigating the challenges and geopolitical consequences of border quarantine during epidemics and with a descriptive-analytical method. This study specifically focuses on the corona virus epidemic and the geopolitical and border consequences of quarantine during this epidemic. But at the same time, he is not oblivious to other epidemics and their possible effects and mentions them repeatedly. The results show that the mainstream of border and geopolitical studies should also include insights related to the effects of borders on the distinct challenges that non-human beings may create at the borders.
Political Geography
hamed nasrazadani; Hojat Mahkouei; Amir Gandomkar; Alireza Abasi
Abstract
One of the most important challenges for managers is to provide stable water resources in acute conditions such as drought crises, which can affect the quality and quantity of living conditions. Inadequacy in water supply to agriculture on one hand and the weakness of water supply systems in industries ...
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One of the most important challenges for managers is to provide stable water resources in acute conditions such as drought crises, which can affect the quality and quantity of living conditions. Inadequacy in water supply to agriculture on one hand and the weakness of water supply systems in industries and fisheries on the other hand has become one of the challenging factors. Therefore, one of the solutions chosen by managers for water supply is to transfer water from one basin to another. The water transfer plan from Behesht Abad is one of the water transfer plans that has been researched in this article. The purpose of this research is to analyze the challenges of inter-basin water transfer and its role on social and economic security in Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. Data collected based on the opinions of a sample size of 70 people who with on t-test, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis of structural equations in spss22 and Smart PLs software. The findings of the research show that the water transfer plan from the source of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari to the destination of Isfahan has not only led to a decrease in water supply for animal husbandry, agriculture and drinking, but has also caused a general displacement of nomadic life due to the severe reduction of water and consequently It has followed large-scale migrations of citizens of this region.
Political Geography
Bahador Zarei; Mohamad Ali Keyani
Abstract
Its development and dimensions are one of the topics that political geographers have addressed more or less. The center of gravity of development in political geography from the national dimension is the decentralization of the central government and the transfer of its responsibilities to the local ...
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Its development and dimensions are one of the topics that political geographers have addressed more or less. The center of gravity of development in political geography from the national dimension is the decentralization of the central government and the transfer of its responsibilities to the local governments located in the provinces and states and the realization of development by local institutions. In recent years, political geographers have also addressed the international dimension of development and underdevelopment of countries as a result. The purpose of the research is to examine and present the opinions and opinions of political geographers regarding the issue of development and its dimensions. Analytical-descriptive research method and the use of reliable foreign and domestic sources and texts on the issue of development from the perspective of political geographers. The findings of the research show that political geographers more or less one of the topics that they have addressed in their research is national, local and international development, which is influenced by the theories of modernization and dependence in social sciences. Since its development and forms change the territorial, social and economic atmosphere of countries and their internal regions, the necessity of studying it from the point of view of political geography seems inevitable. Today, it is necessary for the central government to leave the realization of development, especially sustainable development, to the local governments and to assume the role of a platform builder, a policy maker, a strategy provider, and an observer in the field of development in the political geography of countries.Key words: political geography, development, modernization and dependency theory, sustainable development
Political Geography
seyed hadi zarghani; Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh; Mansoure Eskandaran
Abstract
There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, solving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, ...
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There are almost more than 300 transboundary river basins in the world, which are sometimes the cause of conflict. Therefore, solving the conflicts of these rivers is important not only for the economy but also for maintaining stability and peace between countries. In general, the three factors of demand, source and structure have an effect on the formation, consistency and continuity of water conflicts at the international level, either directly or indirectly. The findings show that many factors, including political factors (tension in regional relations, state-oriented governance, lack of border determination, high levels of corruption, undemocratic governments); economic factors (reliance on water-intensive industries, significant reliance on agriculture); social factors (social inequality, demographic characteristics); And environmental factors (arid and semi-arid climatic conditions, lack of fresh water resources and climate changes) affect the formation and continuation of conflicts between the countries of the Central Asian region. Also, the competition of great powers in the countries of Central Asia has ended to some extent in favor of the relative expansion of infrastructure, but at the cost of destruction and damage to water resources, and the effect of geopolitical developments in this region on water resources is more prominent. As a result, it seems that the structural factors, the shape and characteristics of the actors, the evident institutional weakness in the region have had the greatest impact on the management of water resources. Therefore, diplomacy using strengthening regional cooperation as a result of creating strong and efficient institutions for the joint management of water resources; Development and formulation of comprehensive and sustainable agreements on the sharing of water resources; And the use of new technologies can help the countries of the region in the optimal management of water resources.
Political Geography
mohammad bagher Mokaramipour; mohammadjavad khoubpour; leila kiani; hamidreza hatami
Abstract
The imposed independence of the Central Asian republics turned these countries from administrative units into national governments with international borders. The transformation of the former Soviet Union made it possible for different types of crises between these republics, which were the result of ...
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The imposed independence of the Central Asian republics turned these countries from administrative units into national governments with international borders. The transformation of the former Soviet Union made it possible for different types of crises between these republics, which were the result of Soviet policies, to come to the fore. While these republics share many common characteristics, including shared history, economies dependent on agriculture and water, and common security threats, they have common challenges in confronting each other. Geographical agency and geographical determinism have affected all other components between these republics, in such a way that security has become the main priority of these countries. Geographical determinism has had an impact on the economy, environment, politics and all aspects of these societies. In such a way that a view based on caution and pessimism has ruled between them. The effect of geographical determinism, especially being confined to land, has placed the relations of these republics with Iran in a special situation, which is an opportunity for both sides. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the question, what effect does geographical determinism have on the relations between these republics, and what is the position of Iran in this situation? The hypothesis under investigation is that geographical deterrence still makes security the main priority of these countries, and Iran has the ability to get these countries out of geographical deterrence due to its capacities.
Political Geography
Ali Kakimi khorram; sayed hadi zarghani; hadi azami
Abstract
The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, ...
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The Persian Gulf, due to its distinct geopolitical and geostrategic characteristics, has a major contribution to the regional policies of regional and extra-regional actors. Iran, among all actors, has a longer historical background in spatial and territorial management of the Persian Gulf. However, with emerging developments, the process of Iran's role in the region has acquired complex dimensions. Therefore, it is inevitable to plan regional security strategies in accordance with its developments and modernization. In this regard, the present research, using a combination of SWOT, QSPM and David's strategic methods, has compiled Iran's regional security strategies in the Persian Gulf, in the three dimensions of military, geopolitical and geo-economic security. The findings showed that the strategy of "maintaining and strengthening Iran's geopolitical arms in the region and expanding its scope" has been identified as the main and fundamental strategy of Iran's regional security in the Persian Gulf with a score of 8.66. Also, the following strategies have been formulated by separating the three components: in the field of Iran's military security in the Persian Gulf, holding joint military and security exercises between Iran and the countries of the Persian Gulf region; In the field of Iran's geopolitical security strategies in the Persian Gulf, developing strategies for easy border crossing between countries around the Persian Gulf; And in the field of "geo-economic security strategies, the formation of joint free trade and technology zones between Iran and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf" were identified as strategic options.
Political Geography
mehdi moosavi; a khatibi
Abstract
Hydro-hegemony, as one of the study dimensions of hydropolitics, refers to the dominance of governments over water resources in common water basins and preventing other countries in the basin from accessing water resources. The investigation of water resources in the Middle East shows the disproportion ...
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Hydro-hegemony, as one of the study dimensions of hydropolitics, refers to the dominance of governments over water resources in common water basins and preventing other countries in the basin from accessing water resources. The investigation of water resources in the Middle East shows the disproportion between the distribution of population and fresh water, which has caused many conflicts over water resources, which has led to the formation of hydro-hegemony over common water basins, which is currently happening in cases such as "Jordan River" is observed. Therefore, this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to investigate the hydro-hegemony of the Israeli regime over the Jordan River and its consequences on the neighbors. The results of the research show that the Israeli regime, by occupying the areas upstream of the main branches of the Jordan River such as the Golan Heights, lakes, local springs, transferring water to the Dead Sea through canals, building deep wells And preventing the construction of wells by local communities has tried to prevent other communities from directly accessing these water resources in addition to meeting their own water needs. By taking advantage of soft hydro-hegemony and by creating inappropriate living conditions, this regime forces local communities to accept the laws of this regime in order to meet their strategic needs. The most important consequences of these actions in the surrounding countries (Palestine, Syria, Lebanon) are forcing native communities to migrate, especially in the Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip, drinking water supply problems and its livelihood consequences, reducing the ability to produce agricultural products and Eliminating competitors from the market, exerting influence on the culture of the surrounding communities through the use of mandatory mechanisms to benefit from water, environmental problems and creating an identity crisis due to the spread of Zionist culture and the Hebrew language.
Political Geography
hamed rahmani; morad kaviani rad; mohammad salighe; Farzaneh Sasanpour
Abstract
Lack of water disrupts the security and development of countries and leads to their instability. During the last few decades, numerous natural and human factors have involved many challenges in the quantity and quality of water and sustainable access to healthy and sufficient resources. The threat to ...
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Lack of water disrupts the security and development of countries and leads to their instability. During the last few decades, numerous natural and human factors have involved many challenges in the quantity and quality of water and sustainable access to healthy and sufficient resources. The threat to the survival of life and habitat has turned water security into one of the security research questions. The current research has a fundamental nature in the form of the Copenhagen school regarding environmental security, with an explanatory-analytical approach, it is devoted to the processing of the concept of water security and its dimensions and angles. The research results showed that water security in national and transnational scales can affect national solidarity, territorial continuity and spatial interaction of political-spatial units. The challenge of water security on a national scale is the creation of insecurity arising from the lack of stable access to water resources for citizens, which disturbs the stability and security of political-spatial units and leads to the challenge of the legitimacy of the political system. Water insecurity on a transnational scale (regional and international) often manifests itself in the form of tension and conflict between countries. Therefore, the wide operation and increasing limitation of water resources has placed this strategic natural phenomenon in the security agenda of many countries.
Political Geography
Yashar Zaki; kumars yazdanpanah; ahmad pishevar
Abstract
Space and place are among the concepts and foundations that have an effect on the individual and collective life of humans in various scales. Considering the importance of space and place in security analysis, the present research has analyzed the relationship between place, space and security in West ...
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Space and place are among the concepts and foundations that have an effect on the individual and collective life of humans in various scales. Considering the importance of space and place in security analysis, the present research has analyzed the relationship between place, space and security in West Azerbaijan province with descriptive and correlational methods. One-sample t-test was used for data analysis, and SPSS and Lisrel software were used for factor analysis (structural equation model). There is a positive and strong correlation between all four components of security with place and space in West Azerbaijan. West Azarbaijan province in Iran is of significant strategic importance due to its border with the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, Turkey and Iraq. The province's borders with Turkey and Iraq have implications for cross-border trade, cultural exchanges, and potential security threats. The geographical neighborhood of the province with neighboring countries and with different and even opposite geopolitical areas adds to its geopolitical complexity; Because it becomes a key point in geopolitical relations as well as regional conflicting interests. Therefore, the increase in security values and coefficients (in the four economic, social, political and ecological components) leads to an increase in belonging and place identity among the citizens of this province. Increasing belonging to a place, in addition to providing grounds for more participation of citizens in the direction of sustainable development, also reduces territorial and ethnic faults and strengthens sustainable security in the form of a software and cultural layer.
Political Geography
Iman Meykameh; Hamid Reza mohammad; Kumars Yazdanpanah Daro
Abstract
The power vacuum in the South Caucasus after the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to the formation of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The two countries of Iran and Turkey are trying to influence and exploit the countries of this area due to their historical links and having ...
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The power vacuum in the South Caucasus after the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to the formation of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The two countries of Iran and Turkey are trying to influence and exploit the countries of this area due to their historical links and having common borders, and their vast capacities in the fields of energy, politics, culture and economy. With the formation of the three republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, new opportunities arose for Turkey and Iran to influence and influence this region. Based on the geopolitical realities, the two countries show great sensitivity to this region as a security and economic supplement. The current research is descriptive and analytical, and the research data has been collected in the form of library and documents. The results of the research show that these two regional powers, due to their cultural and ethnic connections with the Caucasus region, consider themselves obliged to play a role in its political, economic and security equations. As a result, the existence of such a point of view has caused the simultaneous presence of these two regional powers in the Caucasus and brought about their confrontation and friction.
Political Geography
Mohammadreza Faraji
Abstract
The actors of the international system are in a context with different degrees of connections and complex interdependence. In addition, these actors include units at different horizontal and vertical levels. This research tries to explain the strategic management of order in the complex international ...
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The actors of the international system are in a context with different degrees of connections and complex interdependence. In addition, these actors include units at different horizontal and vertical levels. This research tries to explain the strategic management of order in the complex international adaptive system. The result of the research points to the problem that in the complex international system, the multiplicity and diversity of actors, the high degree and intensity of interactions between actors, the non-linearity of interactions, the loops of interactions, the rule of systemic disequilibrium, the historicity of systemic events, systemic self-organization, Dissipative structures, Strange Attractors, adaptive tension of actors and the ignorance of system actors of emerging systemic behaviors lead to the emergence of fluctuating order and the orderly management of phenomena and developments have a very deep connection with system characteristics and it seems that the process of environmental scanning to understand environmental changes and actors' interactions and strategic flexibility for Adaptability to new situations and conditions is very important in this type of management.
Political Geography
Behzad Karam hajivand; seyyed hadi zarghani; hadi aazami
Abstract
Identity refers to "who one is" and how a person or human group describes themselves and how they wish to be known. Among the various levels and dimensions of identity, such as local, national, regional, ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity, national identity is the most significant because it ...
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Identity refers to "who one is" and how a person or human group describes themselves and how they wish to be known. Among the various levels and dimensions of identity, such as local, national, regional, ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity, national identity is the most significant because it substantially impacts numerous facets of governance, particularly national security. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology and citing credible library sources and field studies, aims to investigate the role and influence of national identity on nations' military strength. The library sources and the field studies were utilized to collect data. Based on theoretical foundations, a questionnaire was created and distributed to subject-matter experts and specialists in the field study. The results of library and field research indicate that national identity plays an important role in strengthening the military power of nations due to its positive effect on a sense of belonging, patriotism, bravery, and mentally and physically strong fighting spirit, self-confidence in the production of modern military technologies, and finally the instilling of a national spirit in the armed forces in order to defend the territorial integrity and national security. Due to the normality of the data, the one-sample t-test was used for statistical analysis. The results supported the researcher's hypotheses, which reported that experts had evaluated the impact of national identity on strengthening various facets of a nation's military power to be very significant.
Political Geography
hamid dorj
Abstract
The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are ...
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The United States and Europe are considered to be two powerful poles in the world arena that play an influential role in shaping equations and international order. The two powerful blocs that have the greatest degree of coordination with each other in the structures of the international system and are moving towards achieving common goals. But Trump's rise to power in the United States has plunged relations between Brussels and Washington into cold and gloom. Trump's withdrawal from some agreements and international organizations such as the Paris and Borjam climate agreements and Trump's invasion of NATO and his support for Britain's secession from the European Union, etc. are among the cases. Which has influenced the interests and policies of Europe and the United States in regional and international affairs and has added to the differences between the two sides. Meanwhile, the present study seeks to answer the main question of what is the relationship between the United States and Europe during the Trump era? The hypothesis is that with Trump in power in the White House, the relations between Washington and Brussels, which in the past were united and coordinated in regional and international politics; It turned cold and dark in different dimensions. Adopting Trump's unilateral policies and withdrawing from some regional and international agreements and organizations related to US interests, while reducing Europeans' confidence in Washington's promises and policies, the goals and interests of these two influential transatlantic poles in In the past, they moved on a single front; Will face a challenge. Descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the data.
Political Geography
ahmari mahdi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of Islamic city councils (Local Councils) in order to achieve the optimal efficiency of the governance system.The research method is Applied and Developed and Using library and internet resources. The results indicate that the position of Islamic ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of Islamic city councils (Local Councils) in order to achieve the optimal efficiency of the governance system.The research method is Applied and Developed and Using library and internet resources. The results indicate that the position of Islamic city councils in the Iranian governance structure as local management has been confirmed. This ruling class will reach the highest level of utilization for the political structure of Iran when it can make appropriate decisions based on social, financial and political requirements, and have proper planning on local institutions and organizations under the local government ministries that are present locally, and perform their local governance task with supervision and management.There is evidence in different periods of Islamic councils that indicate the ups and downs of decentralization conditions in the country's Unitary state system of government. This occurs in the relationships of local administrations and government sub-organizations and poses challenges. In the event of social and political currents between the center of the government and the periphery (Islamic city councils), structural and functional inconsistencies are visible. Attention to local participation is the democratic context that is included in the laws and regulations adopted by Iran. Participation in governance will have its optimum level when it is possible to fulfill the promises of Local Governances (Islamic councils) and the people's persuasion of the status quo is observed.
Political Geography
kioumars maleki; mohammadreza pourmohammadi
Abstract
The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which ...
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The fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to To prevent destructive effects on vital and sensitive centers and manpower, therefore, it is important to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which can help to complete the chain of urban defense effectively and significantly. Most of the existing researches related to the reduction of damages caused by earthquakes have focused on building construction methods to increase the resistance of the building against earthquakes. In this research, with an emphasis on passive defense and identification of components and indicators of vulnerability and risk zoning in 4 natural, physical, social and economic components with 48 indicators, in the form of a questionnaire, the vulnerable areas caused by earthquakes were comprehensively identified in line with Determined to reduce risk. In this article, the necessary investigations and analyzes are carried out by applying the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning and passive defense, etc., through the distribution of 30 questionnaires and the help of GIS software in processing and preparing the output of ARAS and TOPSIS models at the level of the metropolitan areas of the city. Tabriz has been used and finally, according to the results of Aras and TOPSIS models, district 10 of the municipality of the crisis zone and district 2 of the municipality have the lowest level of vulnerability to earthquakes. In the following, the factors of this increase in vulnerability and solutions to overcome the crisis at the level The ten municipal areas were presented according to the principles of passive defense and the output of the models.
