Mahmood Mobarakshahi; Mohammad reza Hafeznia; Rebaz Ghorbaninejad; Ebrahim Rumina
Abstract
The Explanaition of the Ontology Iraqi kurdestan Regional Government.AbstractMahmood Mobarakshahi. political Geography phD. Azad Islamic University Science and Research Branch. Tehran.Iran. m.mobarakshahi@gmail.comMohamad Reza Hafeznia. porfessor of political geography.Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran.Iran.hafezn_m@modares.ac.irRebaz ...
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The Explanaition of the Ontology Iraqi kurdestan Regional Government.AbstractMahmood Mobarakshahi. political Geography phD. Azad Islamic University Science and Research Branch. Tehran.Iran. m.mobarakshahi@gmail.comMohamad Reza Hafeznia. porfessor of political geography.Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran.Iran.hafezn_m@modares.ac.irRebaz ghorbainejad.Assistant professor the Azad Islamic University.Science and Research Branch.Tehran.Iran.rebazghorbani@gmail.comEbrahim Romina. Assistant professor of the Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran .Iraneroomina@yahoo.comIt has been 29 years since the formation of the first regional government in part of the Kurdish regions of Iraq. The K.R.G have been studied from different angles; But so far from the ontological point of view, this politico-spatial structure has been studied. This research seeks to study and understand the ontology of this regional government in terms of "nature and essence" and "why and necessity".The research in this research is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. the method of data collection is library, and a qualitative method has been used in data analysis. The results of this study show that the effective factors in explaining the ontology of the government of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are several factors. The most important factor influencing the formation of the Kurdistan Regional Government has been the issue of regional identity. Identity-seeking was a precondition for the formation of the idea of ethnic nationalism and, consequently, the demand for the right to self-determination according to geographical and cultural differences between Kurdistan and other parts of Iraq.Keywords: ontology, regional governments, identity-seeking, ethnic nationalism, federalism, autonomy،Iraqi kurdistan
Mohammad Hussein Popoli Yazdi; ali reza mansourian; Mohammad Reza Hafeznia; Ibrahim Roumina
Abstract
Review:Iran is a multi-ethnic society and in addition to cultural commonalities, each ethnic group has its own linguistic, local and cultural characteristics. Undoubtedly, the national unity and integrity of Iran is owed to the coexistence and peaceful historical relations of the tribes with each other, ...
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Review:Iran is a multi-ethnic society and in addition to cultural commonalities, each ethnic group has its own linguistic, local and cultural characteristics. Undoubtedly, the national unity and integrity of Iran is owed to the coexistence and peaceful historical relations of the tribes with each other, so the issue of national unity and integrity of Iran can not be maintained without considering intercultural and inter-ethnic communication, convergence and coexistence. Identities were considered. This common collective feeling, usually expressed by the collective pronoun "we", while creating solidarity between the members of each ethnic group, determines the symbolic boundaries and distance of each ethnic group from other ethnic groups. The degree of adherence of members of each ethnic group to their ethnic identity and their distance from other ethnic groups is different, and this difference is a function of several factors that need to be recognized. The concept of ethnic closeness is measured by the acceptance of members of one ethnic group toward another ethnic group. This concept is often used to measure the degree of possible intimacy in the social relations of different racial and ethnic groups and the relationship between their members. The study of this issue, due to the characteristics of North Khorasan province becomes more important and necessary.Keywords:Ethnicity, North Khorasan, sense of ethnic closeness, coexistence, ethnic identity
Mahmood Mobarakshahi; mohammad reza hafeznia; Ribaz Ghorbani Nejad; Ebrahim Roomina
Abstract
Abstract The study of ethnic and claims of ethnicity is one of the topics of interest in the field of humanities studies. Meantime, political geography, as one of the dynamic disciplines in this field and because of its philosophical nature studies and surveys the political dimension of the space with ...
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Abstract The study of ethnic and claims of ethnicity is one of the topics of interest in the field of humanities studies. Meantime, political geography, as one of the dynamic disciplines in this field and because of its philosophical nature studies and surveys the political dimension of the space with a systematic approach, examines the issue of spatial minorities and the distribution of ethnic areas. This article examines the ontology of the regional governments in terms of nature and necessity of forming such structures attempts to answer this fundamental question that what factors justify the nature and necessity of the formation of regional governments? In the field of political geography, "Hartshorne" and "Gottman", by discussing the reason of state's existence, have emphasized the role of divergent and convergent forces in formation and sustaining the state. In this article, discussing and criticizing these theories, we will attempt to survey the effective factors in the ontology or present a theoretical model of the necessity and argument of regional governments that nowadays have emerged in some countries under the federal and autonomous models. The ontology of regional governments is capable to be clarified and survey within the framework of national and independent governments. The nature of such spatial structures would not be possible and lose its status without the existence of a state and an independent national government. This article is fundamental in terms of purpose and it is conducted in the descriptive-analytical method. Due to the nature of the subject, library and documentary methods have been used for data collecting. The results show that factors such as the right to self-determination and regional autonomy, the division of power in different spatial dimensions, identity and spatial perception, the flourishing of regional capabilities, regional identity-seeking, regional and local crisis relief of national territory and space management, establishing understanding and trust among heterogeneous structures, and establishing regional equilibrium, justifies the necessity and the nature of regional state formation.
Ebraham Roumina; Ghasem Teymori; Zahra Ahmadipour
Abstract
City as a geographic ecosystem is composed of different artificial (framework) and natural (humans) elements and parts. Dynamics and vitality of such ecosystem emanates from relationships between its interconnected elements and components. On the other hand, the urban space is the host of humans, and ...
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City as a geographic ecosystem is composed of different artificial (framework) and natural (humans) elements and parts. Dynamics and vitality of such ecosystem emanates from relationships between its interconnected elements and components. On the other hand, the urban space is the host of humans, and also is the arena of political, economic, cultural, social decision-making, and in such an active cycle it is constantly produced and represented. It is interesting that the impact of gender effectiveness of urban settlers is different in this geographic ecosystem. Such different and unequal gender role playing is considered as a problem in this research by the case study in one of the Tehran districts. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic and analyzed the gender position in construction of urban space as well as factors affecting on it by using the library information, observation, interview as well as questionnaire. The research findings show that (feel of) security, access to municipal facilities and civic participation of women is significantly less than men. This situation has reduced citizenship satisfaction and communication of citizens. Graffiti, advertising, sculptures, signs and symbols in the 6th district of Tehran as indicators to measure the landscape, represents gender space and lack of gender justice in it. The effectiveness of all the above factors is visible in urban landscape and in urban public spaces, particularly. According to the research finding, Ideology and culture are two important factors in gender space. The former is more representation in public and semipublic spaces than second. So people as space users are faced by limitation. In other world, culture as collective behavior is less visible in such a district areas. Restrictions that have been imposed on such an urban district by institutions of urban administration are including social segregation based on gender and spatial segregation. Finally, city were unoccupied of the people’ social communication (especially women who need to be define their social identity) and have a negative effect on their social interaction.
Kazem Ramezani; Ebrahim Roomina; Omran Alizadeh; Rahim Sarwar
Abstract
One of the Important issues in environmental geopolitics is the environmental challenges of water spaces. Among the water spaces, the Caspian Sea in northern Iran has become very important due to the geographical location and the existence of living resources and hydrocarbons. The collapse of the Soviet ...
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One of the Important issues in environmental geopolitics is the environmental challenges of water spaces. Among the water spaces, the Caspian Sea in northern Iran has become very important due to the geographical location and the existence of living resources and hydrocarbons. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new coastal states on the margin of the Caspian Sea have led the Caspian Sea to be more affected by numerous pollutants through unbridled harvesting of its living resources and the existence of oil resources and transmission networks. These conditions have encountered a Caspian Sea with an ecological crisis.
In the last two centuries human activities have negative consequences on the environment and its resources. This has led to widespread reactions to environmental challenges. In areas like the Caspian Sea, where economic benefits are gained through natural and mineral resources, the process of environmental protection is of paramount importance. Therefore, many environmental factors target this area, each of which can be eroded in such a way that ultimately the possibility of exploiting the sea is discarded or costly.
This research is descriptive-analytic and according to the type and nature of the subject, the data and information required by the library and field method has been collected. And for data analysis, the SWOT model has been used.
The findings of the research have been extracted and developed in two parts of documentary-library and field in relation to the ecological challenges of the Caspian Sea. include:
- Pollution of Caspian oil and gas
- Pollution from maritime transport
- Pollution with industrial origin
- Urban sewage
- Pollution by agricultural origin
- Pollution from the origin of tourism and destroying landscapes\
- Excessive exploitation of sea resources
- Natural threats.
Due to field studies and library as well as the opinions of experts in this field as well as the nature of the exploration of the hypothesis corresponding to the second question regarding the formulation of appropriate strategies, the SWOT method has been used.
The results of this research show that the national interests of Iran are affected by economic actions and unconcerned perceptions of living and fossil resources, and the entry of various pollutants from the Peripheral countries Based on the findings of the analytical model used in this research, it is important to address the challenges opposite of adopting a conservative strategy at the national level and to form a regional, regional-based regional environment.
Mohammad Reza Hafeznia; Ebrahim Rumina; Ghaderi Hajat Mostafa
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1.Introduction
Relationship pattern has a complex, combinational and also intelligible nature in the current geopolitical structure of the world. Civilizations’ relations together and Civilization interactions include: engagement, competition and conflict in a range of geopolitical ...
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Extended Abstract
1.Introduction
Relationship pattern has a complex, combinational and also intelligible nature in the current geopolitical structure of the world. Civilizations’ relations together and Civilization interactions include: engagement, competition and conflict in a range of geopolitical treatment pattern. Some of spatial values which originated challenges among region country have Civilization nature. Iranian’s Civilization have located near various Civilizations’ which this vicinity leads forming a pattern of relations which contain friendly to inimically relations in a wide range during thousands of years. This Civilization has formed during history and has cached politicians’ opinion in the political process. Regional claiming actors try to extend their penetrations by magnifying their Civilization elements
2.Theoretical Framework
Geopolitical relations are these which are based on combination of elements such as politics, power and geography between countries, stats and political actors.
Geopolitical relations between regional and trans-regional can be seen in the following forms:
Interaction relation. Consist of different and interactional relations between actors based on common goals and interests.
Domination relation. Caused by inequality of power between actors of stronger actors impose their own wills on weaker actors.
Influence relation. Influence is a kind of reflexive of domination and result of inequality of power.
Competitive relation. This relation forms based on relative equality of power of actors.
Confrontational relation. This relation forms frequently based on equality of power between actors when Conflicting interests between actors have special importance so that competition between them goes out of standard limit and leads to conflict.
3. Methodology
This article tries to analyses human structures and cultural realms in West Asia and political relation of this regions whit Iran’s Civilization structure, using an analytical-discerbtive method and reeling on library recourses.
4. Findings and Discussion
Research result show that Iran’s Civilization has a special today which contains geostrategic situation and its enormous recourses; but we should note is that this Civilization has encountered many challenges and these challenges predispose its debilitation. All Civilization loops around Iran have special strategic depth and Iran is only country where has relied itself without any support in this full competition world. Sami Civilization in the south support Persian Gulf Cooperation Council and Arab union, Torani Civilization headed by Turkey, supports by Europe union and the United States and also Slavic Civilization based on Russia’s efficient power is in a better situation than Iran.
