Shamci Salehpour; Vahid Riyahi; Farhad Azizpour
Abstract
The political organization of space in each country is carried out in the form of the country division system. The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of the country division system at the local level. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and information analysis is performed ...
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The political organization of space in each country is carried out in the form of the country division system. The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of the country division system at the local level. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and information analysis is performed by discourse analysis. The first, the results showed that the first governing ideology of country division system at the local level is a centralized political system that has not led to the formation of an efficient system in the lowest layers of the country's divisions. Secondly, the discourses Mission-Territory interference, weakness of structural-functional unity, weakness of supply system in the needs of villages, the marginalizing of the village in the structure of the system country divisions, the lack of role-playing of micro-levels of division, weakness of the participatory system, inefficiency of laws and regulations, inefficient management, weak distribution of financial-credit resources and governance from up to bottom damaged the system of national divisions at the local level and declined the position of the village in this system. Finally, "the type of ideology that governs the system of national divisions", the contradiction between the "political spatial structure of the country" and "The inadequacy of the pattern of country divisions in its lowest layers (village)" was identified as the ideological uncertainty.
Ali Valigholizadeh; Mohammad Yuosefi Shatoori
Abstract
During the last few decades, formation of the center-periphery model in the structure of political divisions in Iran has caused the marginal regions of the country experience spatial, political and social rupture other regions of the country along with the intensification of deprivation and underdevelopment. ...
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During the last few decades, formation of the center-periphery model in the structure of political divisions in Iran has caused the marginal regions of the country experience spatial, political and social rupture other regions of the country along with the intensification of deprivation and underdevelopment. . Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the main problems of administrative-territorial divisions in contemporary Iran focused on the influence of the simple governance system. In other words, this research discusses the most important problems affected by the centralized simple governance structure for the administrative-territorial divisions and organizations of the country. According to the results of this research, the most important problems of administrative-territorial divisions and organizations in contemporary Iran are ignorance of spatial-geographical justice, weak formation of national development, penetration of informal factors, weakness of formation of appropriate administrative-management structure, weakness of formation of national solidarity and structural unity and geographical homogeneity, extreme political-spatial centralism in the center and weak attention to geographic-human qualitative criteria. This research is practical in terms of purpose and tries to present an efficient model of territorial-administrative divisions and organizations for the country in a descriptive-analytical method. According to the results of this research, it seems that the "decentralized or simple regional governance-territorial model" is more compatible with Iran's natural and human conditions and can solve the problems of Iran's current political divisions.
Ali Shamaei; Mousa kamanroodi kajverdi; Seyed Ali Khalili khalili omaslan sofla
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
In the extensive systems of which Iran is also an example, Governments aim to decentralize the political levels of their divisions to increase their powers and decision-making power, increase credits, grant responsibilities and democracy as a platform and mechanism ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
In the extensive systems of which Iran is also an example, Governments aim to decentralize the political levels of their divisions to increase their powers and decision-making power, increase credits, grant responsibilities and democracy as a platform and mechanism for achieving development. So, the government and the city are highly interdependent in their current performance and position; the existence of the city has strengthened the dignity and performance of the state and the state is important for cities for its portion in the identity of the major cities and the major figurehead of the urban landscape. The process of urbanization in Iran is not a natural process but an abnormal process that exists only by the state and the will of the state. Therefore; Continuing and intensifying this dependency and expansion, today's government is expanding and expanding its administrative and political focus through the promotion of the administrative and political status of some population centers and converting them into the cities. This research has been done with the aim of analyzing the role of open propellants in the political division of space in Ardabil province and its effects during the years 1375 to 1395.
Review of Literature
The mechanism of urbanization in Iran over the past years has been described and explained by various researchers on the basis of two theories. Initially, the theory that dominated urban development studies in Iran was the capitalist theory of Hans Bobek's exploitation. With the invalidity of the above theory, in recent decades, Dr. Rahnamaei has proposed a new theory called government and urbanization regarding the mechanism for monitoring the development of urbanization in Iran, which had new boundaries with the previous theory. According to the Constitution and the changing nature of government administration and urbanization revolution from traditional to modern bureaucracy, followed by an increase in oil revenues of this institution from 1300 onwards Especially since the 1980s, the government has regarded cities as the base from which they could rule the country. So, following this general government policy by injecting capital into various forms such as subsidies, Employee pay, Implementation of development plans, Production projects, Providing welfare services and so on, the most important factor in the growth and development of Iran's urbanization network system has emerged in the last century, especially with the rise in oil revenues.
The results of Wilk's research on the urban consequences of bureaucratic divisions in 2018 show that the new country divisions have resulted in the redistribution of these companies, with the resulting population shifting and necessitating changes in bureaucratic service levels. In 2016, Ahmadi pour in a study examining the role of national divisions in regional development (a case study of Bavanat and Khorram Bid counties) concluded that although the promotion of the political level and the formation of the city is at a low level and more in the form of de-density and more Administratively and it was financially and politically low, it had positive results and led to the development of the formed cities.
Method
This research is applied in terms of macro methodology; it is an analytical exploration in terms of purpose and method, its data type is quantitative and qualitative; and it is cross-sectional and spatially legal in terms of time. In this research, first, correlation method was used to determine the extent and intensity of the relationship between indicators of political promotion and spatial development of the city. Using LANDSAT 5 TM and LANDSAT 8 OLI satellite imagery for 1994- and 2019-time intervals to detect land use changes in Ardabil city using soft Envi software has been launched.
Findings and Discussion
One of the effects of the upgrading of the administrative-political status of cities is the increase in the number of government agencies and organizations and consequently the increase in the number of government employees. Accordingly, in 1986, 28.98% of the employed population (9847) of Ardabil city is the staff group. The number of civil servants in the years following the promotion to the provincial capital (2016) increased by 3.8 times to 37309, while the population of the city increased by 1.9 times. The number of employees in other urban areas of the province in the desired years was 3876 and 18952, respectively, indicating a 4.9-fold increase. Also, during this period, the population of other urban areas of the province rose from 169562 to 336460, showing a growth of 1.98 times. After upgrading to the provincial capital, Ardabil has played a more prominent role in medical services and hospitalization, which is evident in hospital bed statistics over the period under review. In terms of educational services, although the number of educational centers and higher education disciplines in Ardabil city increased 1.4 times during the years 1365 to 1395, the growth in other urban areas of the province was more than 3.8 times. According to the statistics of Ardebil province, the number of service workers in Ardebil city was 53.08% in 1365 and 65% in 2016, which represents 8.8% growth. In other parts of the province, the percentage of service workers in the said years was 28% and 45.9%, respectively. Although the growth rate of the service sector in other cities was higher, in 2016, the percentage of employees in Ardabil city was 20% higher than the same figure for other cities, indicating that Ardabil city, despite having a high share in the province before, but with the upgrade to the provincial capital, new capacity has been created to continue the growth of this business sector.
Conclusion
For this purpose, Shannon and Holder entropy coefficient models have been used to measure and quantify the spatial development of Ardebil. The results of Holderen's model show that the city enjoyed good growth during the period 1972-1991, while 76% of the growth and expansion of the city was related to the population growth and 24% to the sparse expansion of the city. Shannon entropy models, showed the city of Ardabil city sprawl as well as Holdren Model. Along with the research topic, the following suggestions are presented:
A fundamental change in approaches to level divisions
Assign more authority to regional-local forces.
Mostafa Rashidi; Abass Alipour; Ruhollah Hosseinvand Shokri; Mostafa Saeedzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The political divisions of a country is the political and managerial forms of the national space. Actually, the national administrative divisions determine the position of each part of the terrestrial plane in the spatial structure of the country. Therefore, the administrative ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The political divisions of a country is the political and managerial forms of the national space. Actually, the national administrative divisions determine the position of each part of the terrestrial plane in the spatial structure of the country. Therefore, the administrative divisions should be adjusted and set according to the principles and frameworks of the geographic objectivity for optimal efficiency which is leading to provide a strategic geographic model based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This focus on the geographical logic in drawing the political boundaries of the interior is based on the view of organizing and aligning the territory at the national, regional and local level. In this regard, one of the important issues that has never been addressed in Iran's development plans is the issue of regionalization and political divisions of space as a framework for territorial planning. Failure to pay attention to this fundamental geographical and political reality is resulted from the weakness of the theoretical foundation as well as the operational structure of development plans in the country. Therefore, the upright and realistic administrative divisions require the generation of theoretical and scientific frameworks based on concepts and geopolitical scales at the local, national, and even transnational level in order to achieve an effective operational and practical structure in the planning of sustainable development subject to the national space. On the other hand, the lack of special attention to the political organization of special planning and administrative divisions also have brought smaller importance of about territorial affairs, and consequently the weakness of the administrative divisions. So that the present paper tends to address the geopolitical pathology of administrative divisions in Iran based upon the geographic logic and realities with the approach of organizing and aligning the land. The basic question of this research is: What are the weaknesses of the administrative divisions in terms of geography and land use? How is its geopolitical consequences and obstacles in the country?
2. Theoretical Framework
The main method of study in geography is combinational. It means that geographers for the recognition and zoning of the area (two major fields of geographic studies) are obliged to study and identify all the features and phenomena in place. Through this study, geographers are enabled to simultaneously recognize the "synoptic" of the all features of the place, and also determine typical feature of the dominant phenomena. Therefore, the recognition of the structural components, elements, and factors that are effective in the environment is a prerequisite and precondition for any thoughtful movement of human beings to carry out a management on the environment. Geography is the science and art of the constructive engagement with the environment and geographical space along with a sagacious management, in order to meet both human requirements and the sustainability of environment leading to achieve a sustainable interaction with geographical space. The result would be the development of humanity along with the environmental sustainability. The relationship between spatial planning and geography can show different implication. Accordingly, geography can be used to explain the type of settlement, population distribution, and activity in the land issues, while the Spatial Planning would be to consider the relationship between these elements. In geography and Spatial Planning, there are three basic elements to be studied: human, space, and activity. In any case, the undeniable subject is the high and sever relationship between "geography" and "Spatial Planning". In other words, it could be stated that geography the most scientifically-based Spatial Planning, and the "Spatial Planning" is the most geographical form of planning.
In political geography or geopolitics, in order to observe geographical logic, it is necessary to pay attention to the planning of land in different stages. Political geography or geopolitics, which studies from boundary and zoning to political behaviors and practices in geographic spaces, requires fulfilment of the geography rules and Spatial Planning concepts. One of the requirements of geopolitics is to consider the realties of the geographic boundaries and zoning, the political divisions, and in general, the political organization of the space, that leads this branch of geographic sciences to the rules and principles of fulfillment of Spatial Planning.
In order to realize the desirable organization of space and to design and operationalize the logical divisions of the country's space on national and local scales, the performance should be on the basis of geopolitical knowledge of space and Spatial Planning. This means the integration of geopolitics and the Spatial Planning as two areas of geographic sciences in order to achieve a political organization of the space which is suitable and favorable for administrative divisions. The focus of this paper is, therefore, on the geopolitical pathology of administrative divisions in Iran, which have been payed no attention to integrate the geopolitics and Spatial Planning issues into the administrative divisions.
3. Methodology
Since this article tends to provide an analysis of the relationship between Spatial Planning and administrative divisions as well as address the pathology of national divisions in terms of Spatial Planning, it is considered as a developmental research which gives its practical value for relevant organizations, and it is an applied research as well. This research is also scribed in a descriptive analytical manner. Data are also collected in a library and documentary manner, and also with reference to reputable online databases such as the Provincial Council and the Ministry of the Interior Affairs.
4. Findings and Discussion
One of the considerable issues regarding country's territorial planning in Iran is the lack of attention to the principles and realities of geography in the country's political divisions. Lack of paying attention to this important issue has led to the formation of a political division not according to the geographical realities and principals. This inconsistency was shaped by the land planning in the modern epoch of the arrival of Pahlavi, and in particular from 1937 onwards. Consequently, in the findings section of the research the authors consider the inconsistency of the current Iranian divisions with regard to the geographical divisions (both natural and human), as well as the lack of attention to the structural factors in the political organization of space and national divisions, including shape, extent, and unbalanced establishment of provincial centers to conclude that the weaknesses and problems in this area directly affects the development, security, and spatial distribution of the country in a negative way.
