Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
ehsan lashgari
Abstract
Extended abstractIntroductionIn geographic sciences, one of the most important schools of methodology is the school of positivism. This school has been had a special function in concepts production in geographic sciences, including political geography. Political geographers affected by the positivism ...
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Extended abstractIntroductionIn geographic sciences, one of the most important schools of methodology is the school of positivism. This school has been had a special function in concepts production in geographic sciences, including political geography. Political geographers affected by the positivism school believed that the interactions between politics and space will lead particular spatial form and processes Which can be studied only within the framework of this school. One of the consequences of applying positivism is to create the potential for classifying and enclosing space and constructing a geographic scale based on the performance of government / country. In this research, has been struggled to introduce a new category of how to understand the relationship between politics and geographic space in the positivism methodology within framework of scale. Methodology This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this research were struggled with descriptive and analytical approaches, in first step was defined space concept and cognition. Then, the space definition has been accorded with characteristics of post positivism cognition school. Result and discussion The conceptual content of politics has a special feature Which makes it possible to achieve recognition of space in a specific pattern of positivism. In addition, the political construction of a geographic scale on two national scale including a state / country and transnational scale including the trans-national scale make different patterns for studying of the relationship between politics and space. The results of these approaches are as follows:A- Political Geography as Territorial GovernanceNational sovereignty remains as most influential force in knowing how national and sub-national areas operate. Because the prioritization and allocation of resources influenced by the ruling political institutions and do not follow similar processes among different countries and generalization inductive thinking about it is not feasible. Because with the change of political perspectives and with the advent of new leaders, gradually the natural and human dimensions of the geographic space on the scale of the country are changing and evolving. This view sought to combine space studies with development topics and emphasize the fact that spatial structures have discoverable features that can be used in spatial organization. But one of the philosophical foundations of changes in the various dimensions of space is the change and rebuilding of policies and the replacement of new forces in decision making place and implementation these policies in the all level especially at the level of the nation-state. this process is considered by political geography studying.B- Geopolitics as a territoriality of sovereignty in transnational scaleIn the territory of a country the sovereignty is highest power of ordering, which is based on the social contract theory to organize and control the territoriality behaviors of human and social classes in competition with each other. But there is no such organizing force in the metropolitan area, and the victory in power-based competition determines the extent of state domination. But in the international space there is no such organizing force and victory in competitions determines the limits of state domination. Thus, the most territoriality behaviors objective organized by states. From this perspective, human-made and natural data in relations between countries can be created the motivation for territoriality and these behaviors will not be stopped unless the another could be stopped them from the acting. Geopolitics provides The geographic framework for understanding the conflicts between countries and regional bloc and explains territoriality behaviors of countries based on natural and human geographic data. Finally, studying the consequences these process. On the other hand, because of the geopolitical conceptual nature, geopolitical experts can not necessarily use the empirical approach in recognizing this relationship. In other words, geopolitics in its content have non – quantitative nature and experts should be use from deductive approaches. Because in recognizing the geopolitical importance of the regions, qualitative factors such as political economy, ideology and social origins of political leaders, etc., also have an effect that does not have the capacity to become quantitative indicators. Historically, attention to the views of many geopolitical scholars has shown that geopolitical explanations by them, have been created by deductive approaches. Therefore, gaining more power by governments depends on how they pursue the appropriate geopolitical policies.ConclusionFindings research reveals that the elements of geographical space have a systematic and systematic nature in the positivist but two national and sub-national scale have different content with transnational scale. In other words, in the context of positivism, the study of the political dimension of the geographical space is different in two national and transnational political scales. In a national scale, recognizing the relationship between politics and space within the borders of a country includes national and sub-national scales. But in the transnational scale, relationship between sovereignty and space is the result of a kind of territorialism that exists between countries and builds geopolitical concepts and ideas. Moreover, since politic, both national and sub-national and transnational, contain elements and components that have little quantitative capability, consequently, researchers should be paid more attention to positivism. Therefore, applied geopolitical studies have been more widely considered in the positivism methodology. Because the explanation in the methodological dimension takes on operational dimensions when propositions are referred to the objective world.
Political Geography
Mortaza Firuzi; Seyed Hadi Zarghani; Hadi Azami; zahra nasimi
Abstract
There have been many changes in geographical names throughout history. After the formation of the modern nation-state in the Middle East and then the spread of nationalism in the region, geographical names played a significant role in their national identity. This method of naming also holds true for ...
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There have been many changes in geographical names throughout history. After the formation of the modern nation-state in the Middle East and then the spread of nationalism in the region, geographical names played a significant role in their national identity. This method of naming also holds true for the name of the Persian Gulf. The name of the Persian Gulf has been used as the most common name in history. In this respect, despite a great deal of research on the name of the Persian Gulf, there has been little research linked to the Persian Gulf entry in Ottoman and Turkish lexicons and encyclopedias.This paper focuses on the entries of the Persian Gulf in early modern Turkey and the Ottoman lexicon and encyclopedia, which were written before the establishing of modern nation-states in the Middle East. This research is new to his field, as no research was found regarding the Persian Gulf entry in the Turkish and Ottoman lexicons and encyclopedias. In this research, by adopting a descriptive-analytic method, the associated entries in the seven Turkish and Ottoman sources were translated and analyzed.The results of this study show that the entries of the Persian Gulf hold a special place in modern Turkish and Ottoman sources. When it comes to the Persian Gulf, they used Baṣra Körfezi, Baḥr-i Fârs, and ʿAcem. These names are equal to one another, and there is no preference for their use. Furthermore, it was only used in the Ottoman era. However, the Persian Gulf has always been used both before and during this period, and also in the post-Ottoman period.
Political Geography
Marzieh HonariCHoobar; Morteza Ghourchi
Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Iran's discourse in foreign policy and in relation to the North African region has experienced different trends in the periods of sacred defense, construction, reforms, kindness, planning and hope, according to the prevailing conditions in the country. Iran has always tried ...
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The Islamic Republic of Iran's discourse in foreign policy and in relation to the North African region has experienced different trends in the periods of sacred defense, construction, reforms, kindness, planning and hope, according to the prevailing conditions in the country. Iran has always tried to adopt appropriate policies towards North Africa and the countries of this region, especially Libya. The North African region, due to its rich energy resources and geopolitical and geostrategic position, has always witnessed the open and hidden interference of regional and extra-regional powers throughout history, on the other hand, Iran is also a regional power that has common ideological grounds. With the countries of the North African region, it is trying to play a role as an active activist in this region. The present study tries to explain the position of North Africa in the geopolitical discourses of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran by using the discourse analysis approach to explain the geopolitical discourses of the mentioned periods by using the discourse analysis method, which is a descriptive and analytical method, and how the geopolitical discourses of different eras are formed using conceptual models, and then suggests a foreign policy that is compatible with the geopolitical discourse in order to achieve maximum national interests for Iran's future relations with Libya.
Political Geography
Mohammad Raoof Heidari Far; eghbal pahkideh; naser kakavaeisy
Abstract
West Asia is one of the geopolitical regions that has enough resources such as energy resources, special strategic position, ethnic, racial and religious diversity. The geo-economic approaches of the beginning of the 21st century, which came as a new approach in strategic issues and were used for competition ...
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West Asia is one of the geopolitical regions that has enough resources such as energy resources, special strategic position, ethnic, racial and religious diversity. The geo-economic approaches of the beginning of the 21st century, which came as a new approach in strategic issues and were used for competition between powers, turned West Asia into one of the geo-strategic and geo-economic regions, hence it has established a scene for geo-strategic and geo-energy conflicts and competitions. This research has object to analyze the foreign policy of China and Russia during the last two decades in various political, economic, diplomatic fields and its impact on Iran and other West Asian countries. The methodology in this study is descriptive-analytical one. gathering and getting of the primary data of the research has been done by using library methods. The main hypothesis of the research is that Russia and China are trying to gain national interests and increase their influences through a stronger presence in West Asia than in the past, and pay very little attention to the enhancing of Iran's geopolitical weight. The results of the research show that the foreign policy of China and Russia regarding important events in West Asia in the last two decades (especially the JCPOA, the US withdrawal from the JCPOA, the Syrian crisis, etc.) has threatened the national security of our country. The difference in the foreign policy of China and Russia has challenged the national interests of Iran and West Asia; Of course, the shared goal of China and Russia is to dominate natural resources and increase their sphere of influence, which can be called neo-colonialism.
Political Geography
Mostafa Sarabi Torbat Heydarieh; Hamid Reza Mohammadi; Alireza Mehrabi
Abstract
Foreign policy is the use of political influence to persuade other countries to exercise their legislative power in the manner desired by the respective government. Geopolitics is a branch of geography and political science that deals with the planning of a country's security policy based on geographical ...
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Foreign policy is the use of political influence to persuade other countries to exercise their legislative power in the manner desired by the respective government. Geopolitics is a branch of geography and political science that deals with the planning of a country's security policy based on geographical factors. By analyzing these factors, geopolitics assesses the existing spheres of power and tries to relate a country's policy to them. Therefore, knowing these factors is essential in explaining the foreign policy of a country. In this article, with the analytical-descriptive method and the fuzzy Delphi technique, 11 academic and political elites have been selected in a snowball method to identify the fundamental geopolitical variables effective in foreign policy. The results of this research indicate that the geopolitical components affecting foreign policy are classified into two main categories, tangible and intangible. The tangible indicators are: (1) geographical location (2) population and manpower (3) natural resources (4) industrial and agricultural production capacity (5) military power. Intangible indicators are: (1) political, economic and social structure (2) educational and technical level (3) national spirit (4) international strategic position. Therefore, as long as there is politics in the world, geopolitics will remain an important consideration and influence in foreign policy.
Political Geography
Aboalghasem Shahryari; Sara Akbari; Mohadeseh Jazaei
Abstract
The concept of the fragility of the state is one of the key words in the political sciences that were considered in the post-World War II period, and especially after the end of the Cold War. The Central Asia has also been one of the geographic regions that has sparked many views and analyzes on the ...
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The concept of the fragility of the state is one of the key words in the political sciences that were considered in the post-World War II period, and especially after the end of the Cold War. The Central Asia has also been one of the geographic regions that has sparked many views and analyzes on the states in the region and their fragility. But it should be noted that the paths that lead to the fragility of governments are not the same, and it is possible to draw different patterns from the ways leading to the fragility of the state. According to this the main research question are, what is the state of fragility in the Central Asia? What are the characteristics of paths that lead to the fragility of the Central Asiaern states? Considering the exploratory nature of the main research question, no hypotheses have been presented and interpreted for the results. To answer the questions, with the benefit of fuzzy logic, the top paths that are created by the combination of several factors are examined. The survey also shows that 10 governments in the Central Asia are fragile states and can identify four causal paths among them. Also, among the factors involved in these causal paths, the government's lack of legitimacy and the existence of conflicting groups can be identified as an unnecessary imperative for the fragile states of the Central Asia.
Political Geography
Bahador Zarei; mehdi moosavi; Masoud Mosadegh
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the economic success of Taiwan as the fifth largest economy in Asia and its geopolitical challenge with China and US intervention through cooperation with Taiwan in military, political and economic dimensions in order to achieve its national interests in these ...
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The purpose of this study is to examine the economic success of Taiwan as the fifth largest economy in Asia and its geopolitical challenge with China and US intervention through cooperation with Taiwan in military, political and economic dimensions in order to achieve its national interests in these dimensions, to use it as a tool against China, to contain and engage China, and to slow down economic and military development, as well as to enable its presence in the Pacific. A descriptive –analytic research method was used. The data were collected through library research including national and international resources. The findings of this study show that China will not relinquish its rights over Taiwan under any circumstances and will enhance pressure on Taiwan by increasing its military, economic, technological and political power in the national and international arenas to fulfill its aim which is adding Tiwan to China even if through war with with Taiwan and the United States, By mastering the Pacific logic, the United States will use all its efforts and capacity to prevent Taiwan's accession to China, both domestically and internationally, to control and monitor China. The United States, on the other hand, is committed to defending Taiwan and is willing to pay any price, even a war with China.
Political Geography
Ghaderi Hajat Mostafa; Majid Diyari Salih; Ziyad Ahmed Abdullah
Abstract
The convergence of ethnic-religious groups is a different issue in the field of strengthening relations between countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq are two countries that have a significant population of Shiites in the world. In Iran, Shiites have succeeded in building a ...
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The convergence of ethnic-religious groups is a different issue in the field of strengthening relations between countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq are two countries that have a significant population of Shiites in the world. In Iran, Shiites have succeeded in building a system, and in Iraq, since 2003, they have played an important role in the structure of the Iraqi system. Since Shiites and Shiite ideology play an influential role in the two political systems, understanding the factors of convergence and divergence is an issue worthy of attention in the relations between the two societies. Using descriptive and analytical methods, using Delphi and AHP methods while using library data and field findings, this article seeks to answer the question of what factors cause the convergence and divergence of Shiites in Iran and Iraq. The findings show that the common culture based on Shiite beliefs, including the issue of honoring the Supremes, in addition to major political interests, such as the importance of maintaining the power of Shiite parties and currents in the political and economic structure of Iraq, such as trade, the reconstruction of Iraq, and crystallized security in dealing with the common threats of factors They are considered to be the main convergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. In contrast, factors such as the internal equations of the two countries, including the internal rivalries of the Shiite parties in Iraq and the existence of Western and Eastern trends in Iran, as well as the influence of foreign actors, are considered the main factors of the divergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. Although in the current situation, the weight of convergent factors is more than divergent factors, this superiority is fragile and can lead to divergence.
Political Geography
bagher ghalibaf; mahmood vasegh; Hadi Ajili; shahabeddin shafi
Abstract
Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role ...
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Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role in the drawing and formation of game theory, in spite of that, the scientific literature of geopolitical knowledge has not benefited from it to investigate the phenomena. For this purpose, the geopolitical explanation of game theory in geopolitical systems and the introduction of this concept to geopolitical analysis and explanation is the topic of the upcoming article. This article tries to answer the question of how to explain the structure and function of game theory in geographical environments with the approach of geopolitical systems. In response to this question and with an explanatory descriptive method based on Saunders' research methodology model, the hypothesis of the article is that "the theory of games in competitions, conflicts, cooperation and convergences and other patterns of geopolitical relations and in complex geopolitical systems with at least one objective geographical source deals with, has the role of modeling and drawing operational solutions, and by receiving data and values from geopolitics, it brings the complex geopolitical system to a new balance and order". The findings of the research show that game theory is the subject of social, political and international relations studies, and in particular, due to the centrality of "power and competition" in this theory, it is considered a topic of discussion in geopolitical science. Since the function of game theory is considered in geopolitical systems, the authors' interpretation of the concept of system is "complex geopolitical system" with the components of complexity theory.