Meysam Mirzaei Tabar
Abstract
Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime ...
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Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime boundary regions conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert. In the boundary regions of the two countries, the main conflict is in the region of Lake Albert and on the boundary line drawn inside the lake, as well as shoreline erosion and a change in the direction of the Semliki boundary river south of Lake Albert. This research is a causal research that uses descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and the geopolitical theory of boundary and territorial conflicts to study the boundary conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert and analyze the causes of insecurity in this region. The study seeks to answer the question, what are the main causes of conflict in the maritime boundary regions of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo? The results show that there are various causes of conflict and tension in the boundary regions of the two countries in Lake Albert; the most important of them include 11 main causes in the dimensions of identity, governance, history, boundary demarcation, river diversion, environmental and so on.
Omran Rasti; Ali Ashrafi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Conferences and conventions related to law of the seas has not been successful in convincing the coastal countries all the time. Some of these failures stem from vagueness in the law such as the drawing method of straight baselines, e.g., Bay closing line, and the ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Conferences and conventions related to law of the seas has not been successful in convincing the coastal countries all the time. Some of these failures stem from vagueness in the law such as the drawing method of straight baselines, e.g., Bay closing line, and the way in which baselines are selected. Gwadar bay, located on the northeast corner of Oman Sea, is a small bay between Iran and Pakistan. The most important goal of this study is to investigate the territoriality in the carter of Gwadar bay, the conformity of these territorialities to the seas convention law, the conformity and overlap of Iran’s baselines to those of Pakistan in carter of Gwadar bay, the drawing of the maritime boundary between Iran and Pakistan, and the location of baseline points between these two countries with regard to the maritime boundary. Finally, a suggestion will be proposed to solve any probable discord which stems from the overlap of baselines and territoriality conflicts.
2. Theoretical Framework
Political geography, as a field of study of human geography, examines the function of politics and power in the division, aggregation, and organization of space and, conversely, the effects of geography, spaces, and places produced in political processes. The most important concept that derives from the above definition is the concept of territory and its related concepts, such as territoriality and human territoriality. The political geography of the sea is conceptually and theoretically dependent on the key concepts of the political geography. Therefore, the most important concept on which the theoretical foundation of this study is based is the concept of human territoriality.
3. Methodology
In a descriptive-analytic method, this study intends to investigate documents and laws of these two countries with regard to the maritime boundary and territories. One of the goals of this study is to evaluate the consistency or inconsistency of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by applying these claims and territorialities on maps by ARCGIS software and conducting cartographic analysis.
4. Findings and Discussion
The first feasible step for territoriality in the crater of Gwadar bay dates back to the cabinet enactment on July 21, 1973 in which the coordinates of 25 baseline points in Persian Gulf and Oman sea were assigned and declared. Based on these points and their coordinates, point 25 is located on the surface of water in the mouth of Gwadar bay. Pakistan also declared the coordinates of baseline points in August 29, 1996. The straight baseline points, which is a continuous system, is constructed from connecting 10 points (a to k). Point a in this system is located on water surface in the mouth of Gwadar bay. The last endeavor with regard to territoriality in the crater of Gwadar bay is the common endeavor in 1997 in order to delineate the maritime boundary between the two countries. The aforementioned boundary agreement consists of an introduction and 7 articles, which is enacted in the legislative assembly. Based on the first article of this agreement, the coordinates of the points on the maritime boundary which separates internal water, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, and Exclusive Economic Zone between Iran and Pakistan was declared.
The most important measure for these two coastal countries is to pass laws related to maritime area as well as determining and declaring coordinates for straight baseline points, and as a result determining the maritime boundary. Point (25) from Iran’s straight baseline and Point (a) of Pakistan’s straight baseline are located on water body and in the entrance of Gwadar bay, which has some demerits based on the convention for baseline drawing. In addition, drawing these two points with the aid of geographical coordinates shows inconsistency between these two points and overlapping two baselines. Mentioning the inconsistency and emphasizing the use of these two points with their coordinates may cause a conflict between these two countries.
However, Iran and Pakistan reached to an agreement in 1997, and determined a maritime boundary. It seems that point (1) is a good substitute for point (25) in Iran and point (a) in Pakistan since it is located in the nearest distance to these two points, and it is located in the estuary of the bay, on which the two countries have reached to an agreement.
