Abolfazl Kavandi kateb; Mohammad Reza Hafeznia; Hatam Qaderi; Qolamhossein Qolamhosseinzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The political management of space is the study of the methods of administration, control, observation and track in geographic space. The political administration of geographic space in different scales is intended to realize the goals from the strategic point of view, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The political management of space is the study of the methods of administration, control, observation and track in geographic space. The political administration of geographic space in different scales is intended to realize the goals from the strategic point of view, considering the physical, demographic and economic limitations. The political management of the space has been focused in this paper at the national level. The state is the most important political organization representing the people with the broadest goals and duties, and it is responsible for the accurate performance of national policies. In fact, the state is formed to serve the people and administrate the space; it is responsible for supplying the needs of people. Thus, the high performance of the state in all sections is considered and has been focused in all political theories. The duties and principles of the political management of space at the national level have brought theoretical and practical achievements, and different theories are formed in this relation as such.
The political management of space at the national level has both fixed and variable patterns. In the fixed pattern, the states' fundamental goals include independency, territorial integrity, the optimal political management of the state, foreign policy, national interests, the state and citizens identity; the increase in the national power; state security, the role of observation, the political management of space, the creation of state communicational network, organization, planning, development, the establishment of geographic and social justice, the optimal management of the environment, and the creation of public welfare that are common among different states. In the variable pattern, the political management of the space, dependent on the state political system, different patterns such as centralized, federal and etc. are effective in the state administration. Nine factors are effective in the political management of the space, including political system and decision making organs, dominant political thought and ideology, social, economic, administrative and cultural systems, geographic and geopolitical characteristics, and the international system. Regarding the above factors, different patterns of the political management of space are formed in different states within different periods.
The research is intended to investigate and compare the indexes and duties of the political management of national space from the view point of different theories to propose a new model. Most of the humanities majors have focused on issues such as how to construct a state, manage it optimally, and survive it in a global anarchic situation. In spite of scientific developments and the propose of new definitions of indexes and common patterns to manage the state optimally and development of the state, there are different patterns of governing. But the states share the same interests in this relation. Although many of the goals are common among the states, some of them are prioritized by the states and are seen as vital goals, while some of them are neglected due to the state's situations.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytic and the indexes and the functional duties of political system are framed in six main indexes. These indexes include vital, political, economic, cultural, social, and geographic goals. Each of these main indexes has some subsets; therefore, 41 indexes are proposed in a model called circular model. Although the states have different goals and duties, all of them can be placed and developed in this model. The indexes are extracted after considering and criticizing different theories of political management of the national and functional space of the state.
Conclusion
The circular model proposes the priorities, strategies, and goals of the political management of state. In the first circle, vital goals are placed, which are characterized considering the current and perpetual priorities and the needs of the society. Then, the circles from (a) to (∞) are depicted based on the priorities. To consider s systematic point of view regarding the priorities, being radial is another characteristic of the model which can cover all the priorities and goals of the state and society, because priorities would be different and cover all the facets. The goals and priorities located in inner circles are more important than others. Priorities of place can be changed due to the time and place requirements, and they are relocated from center to infinity or infinity to the center. The level of success for the state depends on realizing all the fundamental goals optimally. In fact, the success of each state shows its power and development.
Safar Ghaed Rahmati; Hasan Behnam Morshedi
Abstract
Extended abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of population in big cities of Iran and the need for leading this overflow of population and future economic activities from big cities to new towns have necessitated constructing them. Therefore, due to the economic, social and structural issues of ...
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Extended abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of population in big cities of Iran and the need for leading this overflow of population and future economic activities from big cities to new towns have necessitated constructing them. Therefore, due to the economic, social and structural issues of Iran's cities, the solution for making new towns has been proposed. The plan of constructing new towns was suggested by the welfare committee of government's employees in the ministry of roads and Urban Development. There are some issues in relation to establishing new towns and how to plan and manage them. Not only new towns have not resolved the urban problems but also some problems have emerged in the process of urbanization in Iran and new towns have brought about management gaps. In this regard, the political management ability of a community is one of the most important factors in the planning, designing, implementing and managing a new town. The management ability of a country is greater; the possibility of creating administrative, economic, political and social institutions in a city is more possible. As a result, more people have the opportunity to live in a city with satisfaction. These factors provide more population concentration in an area and on the other hand, present more services to the dwellers. Therefore, the relationship and interaction between social organization and spatial organization is an important research issue in geography and urban planning. New towns can be considered as the most prominent examples of social, political and spatial complexities; because it plays important role in the structure of political, social and economic relations in societies.
Thus, this research is going to answer these questions:
• How is the political management of new towns evaluated in the current situation?
• What is the pattern of the structure of urban governance in new towns of metropolitan cities?
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The political management of a town is the exact representation of local government and urban system that facilitate the spatial distribution in the towns and attempt to conceive the inside and outside of urban space and as a consequence the welfare and prosperity of people are provided in their life. The existing structure of management of new towns and their duties is the product of years of focusing on the system of government and bureaucracy. This structure of management does not possess enough ability to meet the increasing demands caused by the rapid growth of urbanization and outbreak of new changes in the social, structural and economic structure of new towns. Consequently, to solve this problem, in Article 12 of the Law of creating new towns, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development shall ensure to announce the settlement of at least ten thousand people in a new town to the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Interior is obliged to establish city council and municipality in that new town, even if the plan of the new town is not finished yet. Not only by establishing the Municipality, the problem is not resolved, but also the management of these towns follows a dual model that has negative impacts on the function of new towns. The management of new towns is based on the management model of political spaces (The Ministry of Interior and State Governments) and the other one is the model of New Towns Development Company.
3- METHODOLOGY
The present study, in terms of purpose is an applied research and in terms of analysis method is a descriptive and analytical one. In this study thirty elite people were chosen by random sampling. The twenty-eight research indicators were selected based on the literature of research and the experiences of studies and also according to the purpose of the researches on political management in new towns. The K-S test was used to prove the normality of the variables. After defining the items and their normality test, all the items were ranked and specified based on the Likert score.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The findings indicate that the importance of "Justice" indicator in the model of political management of new towns has been evaluated by 37.5 percent as Very Much, 31.2 percent as Much, and the other 31.2 percent evaluated it as Average. These evaluations demonstrate the high importance of Justice in the model of political management of new towns. Therefore, in terms of importance, the priority of indicators in the model of political management is respectively: contribution, enhancing the administrative capacity, empowering the local citizens, justice, and collective identity formation.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
According to a legal definition of duties of these management models of new cities, there are some similar functions that cause conflict and disagreement in managing the new towns. When these management models reach to an agreement in their functions, the town will develop. But the conflicts between them prevent them from focused decision makings. This gaps in the decision-making centers will have a direct impact on the functions.
Thus, these Institutions along with other serving institutions have considered some divisions based on sector plans and job descriptions, and technical and administrative problems. Now the most important problem caused by this multiplexing division is imbalance in the provision of services and lack of coordination. These factors show the increasing necessity of management.
To overcome the challenges of the new towns some strategies are suggested as fellow:
• First step: to define a long-term development perspective
• Second step: to prepare an economic framework for sustainable development to reduce the risk of fragile economic structures in the new towns
• Third step: to prepare a comprehensive plan of public services to coordinate public services to local needs.
Strategic recommendations in the field of urban management are presented as these four strategies: establishing effective and developing governance structure in the field of urban management, creating coordination and interaction between institutions and organizations involved in urban management of the new cities, strengthening cooperation and coordination between inter sectorial and inter organizational, leading the objectives and organizational structure towards the developing.
