Kazem Zoghi Barani; Sirous Ahmadi Nohadani; Reyhane Saleh Abadi
Abstract
Sport organizes and enhances the morale of players and spectators and is an integral part of human life. Sport is influenced by the politics and decisions of political actors and also affects politics at the local, national, regional and international levels, so it is necessary to address it from the ...
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Sport organizes and enhances the morale of players and spectators and is an integral part of human life. Sport is influenced by the politics and decisions of political actors and also affects politics at the local, national, regional and international levels, so it is necessary to address it from the perspective of political geography and examine the effective dimensions of sport in both space and politics. And contract analysis. There are constant links between sport, athlete, spectator, place and politics. The FIFA World Cup is a showcase of action and reaction between powers, countries and schools on a national, regional and international scale. When a national football team succeeds in navigating or winning a tournament, political actors use that victory to increase power, win elections, arouse the nation's sentiment, and increase internal solidarity. This research is theoretical in terms of basic purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The findings are provided by referring to library sources (Internet, books, etc.) and 96 cases of overlapping concepts of political geography and the World Cup using the method. Hermonetics has been discovered and identified from scientific documents and news. Findings show the main geopolitical concepts in the World Cup including: countries, players, coaches, spectators, sports media and political actors in national and international dimensions with the concepts of war, peace, patriotism, identity Divergent and convergent forces are geopolitical, geopolitical tensions and isolation. In the field of geopolitics, the concepts of World Cup, FIFA, football players, national team, hosting, match, group, competition for hosting, power, stadium, team tactics and football field with concepts of geopolitical field such as: world geopolitical system, UN, actors Geopolitics, country, geopolitical weight promotion, geopolitical competition, geopolitical region, geopolitical competition, power, geographical space, geopolitical strategy and geopolitical competition space correspond.
Mohsen Abedidorche
Abstract
Political geography is one of the branches of geography. The science of political geography is known as the first degree knowledge and the philosophy of political geography is known as second degree knowledge. The philosophy of political geography has been examined and explained from the philosophical ...
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Political geography is one of the branches of geography. The science of political geography is known as the first degree knowledge and the philosophy of political geography is known as second degree knowledge. The philosophy of political geography has been examined and explained from the philosophical point of view of different schools, but all the mentioned schools have acted incompletely in explaining it. In this research, the philosophy of political geography from the approach of Islam has been explained in three areas of ontology, epistemology and methodology. In the ontology of the subject, the definition, area and territory, essence and nature and legality have been discussed. In epistemology, tools include senses and experience, logical and intellectual reasoning, attention and cultivation, testimony and revelation and Sources including nature, intellect, heart and history have been discussed in the field of religious knowledge. Therefore, it is assumed, Islam has a defensible theoretical basis in all political and social fields, and such a research has been done due to eliminate the gap in the field of philosophy of political geography from the perspective of Islamic thought. Accordingly, the necessary formulation with the reasoned content of Islamic political geography has been compiled, referring to Islamic texts and sources, including the Holy Quran, narrative sources, texts of political and historical jurisprudence, as well as the works of Muslim thinkers in this regard. The present study is conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, especially content analysis, and the results show that Islamic thought in the field of social sciences, and especially in the field of political geography, is based on an approach called the approach of revelatory rationality.
Arash Ghorbani Sepehr; Mohsen Janparvar
Abstract
The present research tries to determine the epistemic realm from the point of view of philosophy of science. To this end, it is possible to understand the issues and issues within the territory of this new trend in political geography, while understanding better the political geography of Urban Space. ...
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The present research tries to determine the epistemic realm from the point of view of philosophy of science. To this end, it is possible to understand the issues and issues within the territory of this new trend in political geography, while understanding better the political geography of Urban Space. The current research, data collection type, is a component of qualitative research. Qualitative research includes a set of material-interpretational practices that make the world visible. Thus, this research is essentially a "theoretical fundamentally" type of research, and the "descriptive-analytic" method has been used in terms of how the results are processed and interpreted and in line with the qualitative strategy. The political geography of the urban space is a specialized field that studies the urban space. But what is being studied in the Urban Space studying is the action taken from the human dimension of the urban space. This action has led to the formation of diverse topics in the urban space. The political geography of the urban space seeks to organize the urban space, studying and gaining recognition in this area. In sum, the political geography of the city is a specialized field that studies the urban Space. Therefore, in order to achieve this, the study area shapes the geopolitical orientation of the urban space, namely: citizens, territory and territory, local government - urban, borders, elections, security, identity, organization and political alignment of the city, space justice, actors, Political dangers, urban discourse, urban diplomacy, immigration, effective forces, civil rights ", each of which studies part of the urban space Studying.
Qiuomarss Yazdanpanah Dero
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Political geography is a science that offers a different and realistic view of the political structures of governments, combining political insights and determinants of geographic environment. It deals with the geographical structure of countries. Although the establishment ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Political geography is a science that offers a different and realistic view of the political structures of governments, combining political insights and determinants of geographic environment. It deals with the geographical structure of countries. Although the establishment of territorial governments and the formation of strong governments became the dominant global paradigm with the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia since the seventeenth century, it didn't take long that the sovereignty of the monarchs was vested in the nations. Nations became responsible for forming the government and they gained national sovereignty. This phenomenon has taken place all around the world in different quality and any government claim to have been ruled by its nation and they are trying to consolidate the foundations of its government even more by strengthening the intellectual foundation of nation. But this approach faces with many challenges in the West Asian region which is the cradle of Islamic civilization. Therefore, this paper aims to analysis those challenges by using descriptive-analytical approach. It seems that the political thought of Islam rejects them by taking indicators which can lead the foundation of the nation-state and offers different basics and characteristics. Indicators taken from the explicit text of the Quran, the prophetic manner of the Prophet (peace is upon him) and the teachings of the Imams (AS) signify God's direct role in absolute sovereignty over the world and in the establishment of a state based on religious and religious beliefs. Therefore, due of the inherent difference between the political thought of Islam and the humanist political thought of the West, the most important set of challenges of Islam in the government debate are the components which form the base of Nation-based government. This paper analysis the issues by challenging views based on foundational Arguments and the adaptation of it with New Attitudes of Political Geography on Government – Nation.
Method
The present paper deals with understanding the dimensions and components of government and the practices of sovereignty in Islam. It has used a model and typology appropriate to the structure of governments and its executive models. The qualitative part of this research is to investigate and discuss these challenges in both the theoretical and practical aspects. This research is a descriptive-analytical one. Data collection was carried out using library studies, document and content examinations.
Review of Literature
The nation-state is a political system composed of a population of people that all united on a single model (Barzeghar, 1993:14) It resides in a land that has specific boundaries and all strive to achieve the national cause (Heydari, 2006:78) under a single sovereignty and in the form of a national constitution. The result of such a process leads to form a collective identity as national identity (Razazi far, 2001:103) which is based on homeland love and national pride.
In geopolitical science, democracy is based on four components; the absence of any of these components makes it difficult to define democracy. However, some political science scholars believe that international recognition is a fifth component of nation-based government and it cannot be formally recognized as a nation-state until recognized by the international system.
Findings and Discussion
This study analyses theoretical challenges of Islam in dealing with the Nation-Base Governments in five parts. In the first part, it provides the Islam stand for the origin of nation-state rule. Indeed the origin of nation-state rule is not merely the guiding of society, but merely meeting human needs or attaining a sacred purpose (Sajadi, 2009:167-166). The second part it analyses relation between Islam and the law of a nation-state. Islam considers Qur'an as a book of government; presents it as the law of society and believes that it contains a vast collection of spiritual and educational programs for human that depict the fate of the world and the hereafter of man and society. The third part examines the relation of Islam and the structure and pillars of nation-based government. One of the disagreement points between Shiite and Sunni political thought is about the head of state in Islam. The forth part is about the Islam and the legitimacy of a nation-based state. The legitimacy of the political system is a mental phenomenon and reflects the type and quality of the relationship that exists between the components of government and the people, which in some cases fall outside the scope of legitimacy and adopts the notion of acceptance. (Youssef, 2005:65). From Islam point of view, intellectual legitimacy is kind of a rational-religious state which is based on "for people" and" people's vote" and in interpreting such a government, it emphasizes the two components of divine legitimacy and popular legitimacy (Vahidi, 2007:184). The fifth part examines the Islamic unity and national cohesion. In nation-state rule, solidarity of a nation takes place around historical, racial, ethnic, linguistic issues, and a nation strives to achieve an ideal that plays a part in the political thought of that nation.
Conclusion
Since the formation of government structures, The Phenomenon of Government, State and Nation in Islamic Concepts have always been the subject of debate in academic circles and academia. But nowadays, Islamic countries have entered the modern era, passing through the traditional era, the transitions of the caliphate and the Emirate and other traditional patterns. They have taken strong steps in the direction of modern models by theoretical and structural changing based on high political knowledge and democratic institutionalization. While such a pattern spread in Europe and the West Asian region due to the presence of European advisers, the necessary background for the formation of such a model was provided in Islamic countries. in a broader sense, Therefore, Islamic political thought defines the national cohesion as the Islamic unity. it rejects the defined geographical boundaries for nation-states and views Islamic society as the criterion of a society in which Islamic rule prevails.
Seyed Abbas Ahmadi; Mosayeb Gharehbeygi; Sajjad Pourali Otikandi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
New media and cultural identity are the issues of utmost importance, because the political, economic and social dimensions of human life have undergone a visible and prominent change from the new media developments. In the process of cultural change, innovation ...
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Extended Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
New media and cultural identity are the issues of utmost importance, because the political, economic and social dimensions of human life have undergone a visible and prominent change from the new media developments. In the process of cultural change, innovation plays a special role. The roots are changing, the process is continuous, yet the fusion of newer concepts and ideas regenerates newer forms of creative expressions to do away with the older ones which get degenerated. The essence of creative existence is defended in many forms. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to search for identity in a virtual space: appearance, behaviors, community affiliations, and the need to have more than one avatar (a user’s three-dimensional digital representation). The questions we hope to answer as part of this study are: (a) what are the values, social conventions and moral compasses behind some of the choices we make as we construct identities in a virtual life? (b) How are these values tested when one creates an identity with complete anonymity? (c) How do the communities that a member chooses help to establish an avatar’s identity and how does this association affect the real life of the user? The first part of this paper will examine the identity theory and how identity is formed, how community affiliations and activities impact our identity, and what happens to our identity (even if we remain anonymous) once we enter virtual spaces. This will give way to an introduction of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and a conceptual framework for analyzing identity theory and activity, particularly in virtual environments. Finally, discussion for future research about how identity formation, visualization in virtual spaces, and our sense of self can impact our real-life identities will be provided.
The Internet, with around 200 million people globally being online, seems to speed up the messages across all kinds of boundaries. Expanding communication space has given way to global communication processes in which knowledge, values and ethics, aesthetics and lifestyles are being exchanged, hence it is giving rise to a third culture. Such a generative framework of culture is being shaped into a global world culture by new media.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Positive dimensions reveal optimistically that new media, i.e., the Internet is a tool of development for developing countries. It provides easy access to any information. It improves horizontal as well as vertical flows of information. It provides a platform for understanding issues with wider viewpoints. It also provides democratic expressions of individuals in the society. Therefore, the new media enriches the indigenous cultures and provides the deep cultural roots which adhere to their identities with the culture.
3- METHODOLOGY
Methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical and required data have been collected through library research. Sampling is based on cluster sampling and was done using semi-structured interviews with the methodology of "Q" that measured attitudes about national identity in cyber-space.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
This study aimed to investigate the impact of cyberspace on the national identity. Participants in the study included 50 graduate students of political geography at University of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Kharazmi. The concept of national identity in this study in terms of three indicators of national language, national history and the territorial belonging were investigated. The research is an applied one in terms of aim of research and it is carried out on the phenomenological approach. The results showed that the index of language and national history has decreased because of the interaction in cyber space and the index of land belonging has increased due to lack of cross-border nature of cyberspace. However, increasing the sense of belonging to the language and national history in terms of the validity of the documents available on the Internet is undesirable. Therefore, the phenomenology of national identity in cyberspace showed that the discourse of national identity has faced with ruptures due to poor education and lack of infrastructure
Atefe Golfeshan; Mahmood Vasegh
Abstract
1. Introduction
According to many experts, a new approach to the concept of power in the context of modern thought begins with the views of Thomas Hobbes. In a common thought, Hobbes is known as the original designer of modern political thought in the field of power, because before his works, a few ...
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1. Introduction
According to many experts, a new approach to the concept of power in the context of modern thought begins with the views of Thomas Hobbes. In a common thought, Hobbes is known as the original designer of modern political thought in the field of power, because before his works, a few writing in the technical areas of philosophy –in areas of epistemology, ontology, physics and ethics -were written. He designed "political science" literally by using the modern scientific methodology, and with putting center of the "power" in the realm of politics, he deal with this question that how can influence in the power’s matter and know that? Unlike previous philosophers, his concern wasn't about how the power should be. One of the reasons that caused the attention of scholars and political geographers to his works is the concept of power. The word of power is important in geopolitics and actually the geopolitics is called the science of power. Hobbes in his theory paid attention to this word and with his vision and ideas tried to introduce this concept and how it functions. It might be our era’s crisis that causes our closeness to Hobbes’. This closeness is due to Common points that is placed between our needs and Hobbes’ knowledge. We need to understand the phenomena of our environment and our understanding of what is experimental and non- experimental; we are inevitably drawn towards Hobbes . We also want to possess instruments of power and influence for stable security. His look is very important to political geography and geopolitics, because of his works about power.With this introduction, in this paper we paid to review of the philosophical foundations of Hobbes's thought and its impact on geopolitics.
2. Methodology
In this study, we have tried to review and explain the philosophical thought of Thomas Hobbes. His thoughts influence on topics of political geography. We have used from works of Hobbes to collect information about the effects of his philosophical opinions on the thoughts and topics of political geography. For the analysis of data we have also used analytic – descriptive method.
3. Results & Discussion
Hobbes can beregarded as the first thinker who tried to bring politics in to ascience. He used experimental method in this regard .He took a mathematical and empirical approach to analysis ,human and social trends and policies which isn’t considered part of the natural sciences.
He implemented the empirical principles for politics. Hobbes unlike Aristotle and scholastic thinkers didn’t have a divine look to the government and people issues. He had a totally realistic and mechanical view on this matter. He believed in the equality of human beings. Passions and desires, they will do any thing to achieve, including eliminating the other people. In his view, achieving power is in the nature of all human beings for two purposes. The fear of losing assets by force or to gain more power. In other word, power is one of human’s desires for earning more power that enables him to stop others to take it away from him.
In fact , Hobbes had a pessimistic look tow a rdshumans, but some of them were the result of his time crisis which has already been discussed .In spite of his pessimistic view of human nature, he had a kind of rationalist view of man and his environment influenced by intellectual developments occurred during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Also, he believes that wisdom leads human to get rid of his natural state. From Hobbs’ perspective, the fear of death is driving force of wisdom which pushes human to create rules to have security and peace. Hobbes had scientific look to the existence of policy and related to pics such as, power, government, people and land which are the basic principles of the geopolitics .He considered these topics as the real issues and took them into account of science. Hobbes's categorized this knowledge as normative knowledge. Therefore, he used the scientific method to explain and review. To portray the man, power, society and the best form of government he used the Galileo’s methodology .According to Galileo, the complicated movements come from simple move ments’ interaction which are invisible but mainly responsible for the movement. Hobbes divided society and politics in to the small estparts then combined them after Simplifying. This method is used to understand phenomena.
Hobbes sees no difference between the methods of the natural sciences and the social sciences .His political philosophy is the sequence of natural philosophy . In this way, Hobbes’ method was more a positivistic approach and based on the observation. Although, one can say that in the field of analysis, it is also used from the
hypothetical deductive method (descriptive analysis).Hobbes used more of causal explanation to review and explain issues. He began explaining how human and human moralities are causes of formation of the government. In other words, from writer’s perspective, I think he knew the necessity of absolutism on effect of bad human nature and fear of each other and their need for peace and security. From the other view, his description was ultimate since there is always a causal explanation followed by an ultimate explanation. Hobbes ‘ultimate go al of forming a totalitarian government was to achieve peace and security for the people and avoid war, particularly the Civil War.
Hobbes in his Leviathan established his society based on respect for the individual and anthropocentric, concerned with the welfare of the community to know that every person has freedom of choice to choose their way of life. But on the other hand, Hobbes believed in a government that has full authority and thus can be taken all the liberties of the individual away from him. Hobbes had a holistic approach to see society and government and looked at the entire population of the metropolitan, but in the debate of man, he spoke of respect for the person and had minim al look to analyze phenomena such as war, and detected the basic principles of war.
Finally, he were more attributed to partial view due to his interest in the Galileo method (combine - analysis), and tried to found some principles for social pheno menaasempiricalp he no men a with breakdown of society and mankind to their smallest element. Then, after finding these principles, head a pted them to the whole community by using the logical reasoning. At this time, he saw the man and society as macro principles and gave so cial law to the who le community.
4. Conclusion
A society that Hobbes portrays and finally, he prescribes and recommends it to achieve human happiness is from his view of man and society of that day. Some of the gaps Hobbes created in ontological and epistemological foundations of political theory than classical political philosophy provide appropriate themes for the growth and formation of political philosophy of many scholars after him. Although, some believe that human society and social phenomena can’t be studied with scientific method like empirical phenomena, and stated principles and specific rules for them, because in contrast to empirical phenomena these phenomena are constantly changing; but, Hobbes could explain policy and society scientifically by using the scientific method and realistic and mechanical approach for the first time.
Though some of his words are doubtful and there are some dualities in, his philosophical thought and methodology had impact on so many thinkers after Hobbes and guided the m to the pursuit of science and policy issues related to power and security. Hobbes is mostly called as one of the defenders of authoritarianism and absolute state, and for his tendency to monopolize and centralize power and special priority that he gives to social order he is considered as a conservative. Although some of his principles are the same liberal principles.
This article will examine why Thomas Hobbes’ philosophical ideas are important, and his explicit and implicit references is to geopolitical issues like state, country, territory, population, management and political organization of space, national security, national management and political patterns and the optimal rate of population, territory and jurisdiction and the subjects of this that during the present paper an attempt has been made to be addressed to investigation and explanation of the foundations and roots of these issues in the philosophical ideas of Thomas Hobbes , and there by impact on philosophical thought on political geographers, particularly among followers of determinism, such as Mackinder and Ratzl and also geographers who follow systematical and spatial attitudes and show to the fans of positivistic approach.
