Hossein Rabiei
Abstract
Borders, as much as a barrier to delineation and separation, can be a factor in the action and interaction of the frontiersman and the bridge to connect the inhabitants of the two sides of the border. Depending on the policy of governments, there are different forms of bordering in the world. Despite ...
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Borders, as much as a barrier to delineation and separation, can be a factor in the action and interaction of the frontiersman and the bridge to connect the inhabitants of the two sides of the border. Depending on the policy of governments, there are different forms of bordering in the world. Despite a relatively short history, the border issues between Iran and Turkmenistan have been many fluctuations. Prior to the independence of Turkmenistan, the Soviet border were ideological border and were heavily protected and controlled. At the beginning of the independence of Turkmenistan, an agreement was reached with the aim of establishing bilateral engagement for the passage of residents across the border, and there are now many restrictions on the movement of the border residents. This article tries to examine the factors and background of this fluctuations. At first, theoretical discussions on border studies and border management are presented, and then some examples of border management realities in the region are described. Turkmenistan's domestic policy seems to have had the greatest impact on the current situation.This article, by observing the field, interviews border guards and border residents, as well as some library data, analyzes the borderline flow on this frontier.
seyed Hadi Zarghani; Fayyaz MazloumYar
Abstract
AbstractThe creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries ...
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AbstractThe creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of British and British power in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase that over time and major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence not only failed. With the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interest between the two neighboring countries, the complexity of events has increased and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences. To Afghanistan has included land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan, global insecurity, the collapse of the social system, and so on.
Meysam Mirzaei Tabar
Abstract
Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime ...
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Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime boundary regions conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert. In the boundary regions of the two countries, the main conflict is in the region of Lake Albert and on the boundary line drawn inside the lake, as well as shoreline erosion and a change in the direction of the Semliki boundary river south of Lake Albert. This research is a causal research that uses descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and the geopolitical theory of boundary and territorial conflicts to study the boundary conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert and analyze the causes of insecurity in this region. The study seeks to answer the question, what are the main causes of conflict in the maritime boundary regions of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo? The results show that there are various causes of conflict and tension in the boundary regions of the two countries in Lake Albert; the most important of them include 11 main causes in the dimensions of identity, governance, history, boundary demarcation, river diversion, environmental and so on.
Seyyed Hadi zarghani; sajed bahramijaf; rr sa; mm ss
Abstract
Border areas are geographical areas that, despite their high capacity, are sometimes neglected in accordance with their specific conditions. Due to their distance from the center, geographical isolation, etc., these areas have huge differences in terms of welfare and development with the central centers, ...
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Border areas are geographical areas that, despite their high capacity, are sometimes neglected in accordance with their specific conditions. Due to their distance from the center, geographical isolation, etc., these areas have huge differences in terms of welfare and development with the central centers, and the creation and operation of border markets can moderate the one-way relationship between the center and the surrounding area and improve regional well-being. . This study examines the impact of Shushmi border market on the development and welfare of Nosud city in Kermanshah province using descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all cocoons, merchants and other operators as well as citizens of Nosud. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula of 320 people and the questionnaire was distributed among them. SPSS software (Cronbach, regression, correlation) and LISREL software were used to analyze the data. Based on the results obtained from linear regression, the economic variable has the highest correlation with the development and welfare of border residents. Among other dimensions, the results of the correlation test showed that the social component had the highest correlation with the research components.
Mohsen Janparvar
Abstract
Extended Abstract
International borders as a showcase of countries and the first contact point of two governments have always played an important role between governors. In this way, countries try to manage their borders to make the most of their opportunity in the border zones and face the challenges. ...
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Extended Abstract
International borders as a showcase of countries and the first contact point of two governments have always played an important role between governors. In this way, countries try to manage their borders to make the most of their opportunity in the border zones and face the challenges. Developments that take place in the border zones in the field of communications and information technology, poverty and the lack of expansion towards the interior zones, affect insecurity strategies. Particularly in the Middle East environment, political instability, successive crises in the region, the crisis of refugees, displaced persons, illegal drug trafficking, wickedness, crime, and the hostage crisis has made some border areas of the country insecure. However, the possibility of misusing the opportunities of the insecure borders takes away officials from their duties. In such situation there are no efficient and robust management in many country's borders because of a lack of a comprehensive strategy for integrated border management and institutions responsible for border management. Accordingly, this paper reviews and analyzes border management in this situation and analyzed the opportunities and challenges. The research findings show that there are some factors that determine the multiplicity of agencies at the border. Overlapping responsibilities between them, the lack of order, transparent law and effective management the ambiguity in authorities and responsibilities have had a negative impact on the country's borders. creating integrated structure consisting of five section; military and defense- informational and security, social- cultural, legal- political and economic – commercial was proposed as a solution To deal with these challenges and achieve efficient management of borders in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
1- INTRODUCTION
According to its development and new interpretations of globalization and evolution of information age, Border management changed and evolved and find prominent position in border studies. Border management let countries to reduce challenges and problems that caused by evolution of global space through effective border management. It provides national benefit and security for citizenship. To manage border effectively, borders need to have an integrated border management strategy that could produce enough cooperation among border organizations. Meanwhile, integrated border management of Islamic Republic of Iran has high importance because of its different organizations and border management institutes. Every delay in the actions can provide vast and irrecoverable damage to national interests and security.
2- METHODOLOGY
The method used in this research is descriptive- analytic according its visionary nature. So in this research not only real image of ministry departments, institutions and organizations related to borders were investigated but also, forming the relationships of these organizations was determined. In this research, library, Internet and interview with some theorists and scientist were used for collecting required data.
3- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Border management is a regulated relationship that can open border in different ways to flow the relationship, transition of people, goods, information etc., and also close the borders to prevent insecurity, irregularity and other transboundary challenges and problems that lead to insecurity and irregularity in the society.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Different organizations and institutes that managed borders are prominent players of border management. This organizations and institutes commonly worked and produce horizontally and vertically irregular situation and make problem. Different organizations that related to border and different organizations for control and management of border without regulated horizontal and vertical relationship make problem for border management in different ways. Some countries such as French, England and United State of American, follow integrated border strategies for solving these problems and having effective border management.
In this way, border management of Islamic Republic of Iran according to its long border, different neighbors and vast border resource, have high position of importance. One problem for border management is different border organizations and institutes without coordination in their activities. There are 28 organizations and institutes that related to border. This different border organizations and institutes and not clearing limit and work for them and vast integrated duty produce problem for border management.
According to development in globalization age, Islamic Republic of Iran needs to follow new strategies to achieve its effective border management. Establishing an integrated border management to achieve effective border management is one of these strategies given there are different organizations, institutes and departments that related to the border in countries. Result of this research showed that the best model for integrated border management of Iran is establishment a central organization for effective management of border in five sections: first section is military, defensive and informative; second section is social-cultural; third section is legal-political; fourth section is economic-commercial; fifth section is management of infra border management.
